Table of contents

Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................

Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................

Highlights.................................................................................................................................................

Executive summary..................................................................................................................................

Findings and recommendations ...............................................................................................................

Reference ...............................................................................................................................

Introduction............................................................................................................................................

Electric Vehicles Initiative .......................................................................................................

Scope, content and structure of the report..............................................................................

1. Status of electric mobility ...................................................................................................................

Vehicle and charger deployment.............................................................................................

Energy use and well-to-wheel GHG emissions.........................................................................

References..............................................................................................................................

2. Prospects for electric mobility development.......................................................................................

Electric mobility targets: Recent developments .....................................................................

Policy updates: Vehicles and charging infrastructure...............................................................

Industry roll-out plans .............................................................................................................

References.............................................................................................................................

3. Outlook.............................................................................................................................................

Scenario definitions ..............................................................................................................

Electric vehicle projections....................................................................................................

Implications for automotive batteries ...................................................................................

Charging infrastructure.........................................................................................................

Impacts of electric mobility on energy demand.....................................................................

Implications of electric mobility for GHG emissions...............................................................

References............................................................................................................................

4. Electric vehicle life-cycle GHG emissions ...........................................................................................

Context 151

Methodology ........................................................................................................................

Key insights ..........................................................................................................................

Detailed assessment .............................................................................................................

References............................................................................................................................

5. Challenges and solutions for EV deployment ....................................................................................

Vehicle and battery costs ......................................................................................................

Supply and value chain sustainability of battery materials.....................................................

Implications of electric mobility for power systems...............................................................

Government revenue from taxation ......................................................................................

Shared and automated mobility............................................................................................

References............................................................................................................................

Statistical annex....................................................................................................................................

Electric car stock ...................................................................................................................

New electric car sales ............................................................................................................

Market share of electric cars .................................................................................................

Electric light commercial vehicles (LCV)................................................................................

Electric vehicle supply equipment stock ................................................................................

References............................................................................................................................

Acronyms, abbreviations and units of measure ....................................................................................

Acronyms and abbreviations ................................................................................................................

Units of measure...................................................................................................................................

Table of content....................................................................................................................................

Global electric car sales and market share, 2013-18 ..............................................

Future global EV stock and sales by scenario, 2018-30..........................................

Projected global electric car stock compared with OEM targets (2020-25) ...........

EV electricity demand by region, mode, charger and scenario, 2018 and 2030......

Well-to-wheel net and avoided GHG emissions from EVs by mode and total GHG

emissions from the transport sector, 2018-30.......................................................

Comparative life-cycle GHG emissions of a mid-size global average car by

powertrain, 2018 ..................................................................................................

Increased annual demand for materials for batteries from deployment of electric

vehicles by scenario, 2018-30 ...............................................................................

Passenger electric car stock in main markets and the top-ten EVI countries .........

Electric car sales and market share in the top-ten EVI countries and Europe,

2013-18 ................................................................................................................

Global installation of electric LDV chargers, 2013-18 ............................................

Electric car stock and publicly accessible chargers by country, 2018 ....................

Dedicated bus chargers and publicly accessible fast chargers

by country, 2018...................................................................................................

GHG emissions avoided by EVs compared to equivalent ICE fleet by mode and

region, 2018 .........................................................................................................

Electric car models available: 2018 and expected additions .................................

Heavy-duty electric truck models announced for commercialisation ...................

Selected providers of charging infrastructure and recently announced

plans/targets .......................................................................................................

Global EV stock and sales by scenario, 2018-30 ..................................................

Sale shares of EVs by mode and scenario in selected regions, 2030 ....................

Battery pack capacities of BEVs and PHEVs in key regions, 2012-18 ...................

Annual global battery capacity addition for EV sales by scenario, 2018-30..........

Increased annual demand for materials for batteries from deployment of electric

vehicles by scenario, 2018-30 .............................................................................

energy demand by scenario, 2018-30 .................................................................

Number of publicly accessible chargers for LDVs, relative power capacity and

energy demand by scenario, 2018-30 .................................................................

2018 and 2030 ....................................................................................................

GHG emissions from the transport sector, 2018-30 ............................................

Figure 4.1. Battery energy density for lithium-ion NMC batteries, energy use and GHG

emissions intensity from manufacturing by various analyses..............................

Figure 4.2. Comparative life-cycle GHG emissions of a global average mid-size car by

powertrain, 2018.................................................................................................

average mid-size ICE vehicle by lifetime vehicle mileage, 2018...........................

Figure 4.4. Life-cycle GHG emissions of BEVs, PHEVs and ICEs by market segment, 2018 ...

Figure 4.5. Life-cycle GHG emissions savings of a BEV relative to an average ICE vehicle of

the same size under various power system carbon intensities ............................

Figure 4.6. Life-cycle GHG emissions savings of a BEV relative to an HEV of the same size

under various power system carbon intensities ..................................................

Total cost of ownership as a function of battery and fuel prices for a mid-size car

and a SUV ..........................................................................................................

Figure 5.2. Lithium-ion and NMC 622 battery cost relative to capacity and factory size .......

Main extraction and refining locations of key materials for automotive

batteries.............................................................................................................

Figure 5.4. Passenger car taxation based on tailpipe CO2 emissions in selected countries,

2018 ...................................................................................................................

Figure 5.5. Revenue from taxation of new cars based on energy use per vehicle km and

powertrain type, 2017.........................................................................................

Policy considerations ...........................................................................................

Fuel cell electric vehicles – stock and refuelling infrastructure ..............................

BEVs and PHEVs: model availability and distribution across different segments in

the main global EV markets..................................................................................

Electric foot scooters: the new paragon of shared micro-mobility .......................

Major electric bus procurement schemes ............................................................

Dawn of the mega charger ...................................................................................

EV 100 Initiative ...................................................................................................

Electric two-wheelers: industry roll-out of battery-swapping ...............................

EV charging infrastructure market: time for consolidation?..................................

Electric LDV sales projections compared with manufacturer announcements ....

Implications of EU fuel economy standards on electrification of the car fleet .....

Charging infrastructure for electric trucks ..........................................................

Battery chemistry and GHG emissions ...............................................................

Global EV Outlook 2019

Annexes

Box 5.1.

OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Mineral Supply Chains...............

Box 5.2.

Examples of local actions to mitigate negative impacts of extractive activities ..

Box 5.3.

Characteristics of various electricity markets......................................................

Box 5.4.

Fostering EV participation in electricity markets through aggregation: an

example from the Netherlands...........................................................................

Box 5.5.

Fuel taxes in road transport ................................................................................

Box 5.6.

Distance-based charges in use today..................................................................

Table 1.

EV-related policies in selected regions .................................................................

Table 1.1.

Global EV Pilot City Programme members ...........................................................

Table 1.2.

Charging regimes of selected electric bus operations ...........................................

Table 2.1.

Announced 100% ZEV sales targets and bans on ICE vehicle sales.......................

Table 2.2.

Overview of the EV charger characteristics in key regions* .................................

Table 2.3.

Update of EV deployment policies in selected regions, 2018/19............................

Table 2.4.

Overview of EV and EVSE policies in Canada, 2018/19..........................................

Table 2.5.

Overview of EV and EVSE policies in China, 2018/19............................................

Table 2.6.

Overview of EV and EVSE policies in the European Union, 2018/19 ......................

Table 2.7.

Overview of EV and EVSE policies in India, 2018/19 ..............................................

Table 2.8.

Overview of EV and EVSE policies in Japan, 2018/19.............................................

Table 2.9.

Overview of EV and EVSE policies in Korea, 2018/19 ............................................

Table 2.10.

Overview of EV and EVSE policies in the United States, 2018/19 ..........................

Table 2.11.

OEM announcements related to electric cars ......................................................

Table 2.12.

Announced battery manufacturing facilities........................................................

Table 3.1.

Key government policy measures and targets to advance deployment of electric

light-duty vehicles..............................................................................................

Table 3.2.

Key government policy measures and targets to advance deployment of electric

heavy-duty vehicles............................................................................................

Table 3.3.

Key government policy measures and targets for development of charging

infrastructure .....................................................................................................

Table 5.1.

Main features and known risks associated with primary material supply for

automotive batteries .........................................................................................

Table 5.2.

Advantages and drawbacks of the main recycling processes suitable for EV

batteries.............................................................................................................

Table 5.3.

Role of EVs for various types of flexibility services in power systems ..................

Table 5.4.

Grid integration of EVs, and regulatory and market requirements......................

Table 5.5.

Taxes and charges relative to revenue stability, management of external costs

and ease of implementation...............................................................................

Table A.1.

Electric car stock (battery electric cars [BEV] and plug-in hybrid cars [PHEV]) by

country, 2005-18 (thousands of vehicles)............................................................

Table A.2.

Battery electric car (BEV) stock by country, 2005-18 (thousands of vehicles) ......

Table A.3.

Plug-in hybrid electric car (PHEV) stock by country, 2005-18 (thousands of

vehicles).............................................................................................................

Table A.4.

New electric car sales (BEV and PHEV) by country, 2005-18 (thousands of

vehicles).............................................................................................................