- •Abstract
- •Acknowledgements
- •Highlights
- •Executive summary
- •Findings and recommendations
- •Electric mobility is developing at a rapid pace
- •Policies have major influences on the development of electric mobility
- •Technology advances are delivering substantial cost reductions for batteries
- •Strategic importance of the battery technology value chain is increasingly recognised
- •Other technology developments are contributing to cost cuts
- •Private sector response confirms escalating momentum for electric mobility
- •Outlooks indicate a rising tide of electric vehicles
- •Electric cars save more energy than they use
- •Electric mobility increases demand for raw materials
- •Managing change in the material supply chain
- •Safeguarding government revenue from transport taxation
- •New mobility modes have challenges and offer opportunities
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Electric Vehicles Initiative
- •EV 30@30 Campaign
- •Global EV Pilot City Programme
- •Scope, content and structure of the report
- •1. Status of electric mobility
- •Vehicle and charger deployment
- •Light-duty vehicles
- •Stock
- •Cars
- •Light-commercial vehicles
- •Sales and market share
- •Cars
- •Light-commercial vehicles
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Private chargers
- •Publicly accessible chargers
- •Small electric vehicles for urban transport
- •Stock and sales
- •Two/three-wheelers
- •Low-speed electric vehicles
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Buses
- •Stock and sales
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Trucks
- •Stock and sales
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Other modes
- •Shipping
- •Aviation
- •Energy use and well-to-wheel GHG emissions
- •Electricity demand and oil displacement
- •Well-to-wheel GHG emissions
- •References
- •2. Prospects for electric mobility development
- •Electric mobility targets: Recent developments
- •Country-level targets
- •City-level targets
- •Policy updates: Vehicles and charging infrastructure
- •Charging standards
- •Hardware
- •Communication protocols
- •Supporting policies
- •Canada
- •China
- •Vehicle policies
- •Charging infrastructure policies
- •Industrial policies
- •European Union
- •Vehicle policies
- •Charging infrastructure policies
- •Industrial policy
- •India
- •Vehicle policies
- •Charging infrastructure policies
- •Japan
- •Vehicle policies
- •Charging infrastructure policies
- •Industrial policy
- •Korea
- •Vehicle policies
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Industrial policy
- •United States
- •Vehicle policies
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Industrial policy
- •Other countries
- •The emergence of a Global Electric Mobility Programme
- •Industry roll-out plans
- •Vehicles
- •Light-duty vehicles
- •Two/three-wheelers
- •Buses
- •Trucks
- •Automotive batteries
- •Charging infrastructure
- •References
- •3. Outlook
- •Scenario definitions
- •Electric vehicle projections
- •Policy context for the New Policies Scenario
- •Global results
- •Two/three-wheelers
- •Light-duty vehicles
- •Buses
- •Trucks
- •Regional insights
- •China
- •Europe
- •India
- •Japan
- •United States and Canada
- •Other countries
- •Implications for automotive batteries
- •Capacity of automotive batteries
- •Material demand for automotive batteries
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Private chargers
- •Light-duty vehicles
- •Buses
- •Private charging infrastructure for LDVs and buses
- •Publicly accessible chargers for LDVs
- •Impacts of electric mobility on energy demand
- •Electricity demand from EVs
- •Structure of electricity demand for EVs in the New Policies Scenario
- •Structure of electricity demand for EVs in the EV30@30 Scenario
- •Implications of electric mobility for GHG emissions
- •References
- •4. Electric vehicle life-cycle GHG emissions
- •Context
- •Methodology
- •Key insights
- •Detailed assessment
- •Life-cycle GHG emissions: drivers and potential for emissions reduction
- •Effect of mileage on EV life-cycle GHG emissions
- •Effect of vehicle size and power on EV life-cycle emissions
- •Effect of power system and battery manufacturing emissions on EV life-cycle emissions
- •References
- •5. Challenges and solutions for EV deployment
- •Vehicle and battery costs
- •Challenge
- •EV purchase prices are not yet competitive with ICE vehicles
- •Indications from the total cost of ownership analysis
- •Effect of recent battery cost reductions on the cost gap
- •Impacts of developments in 2018 on the total cost of ownership
- •Solutions
- •Battery cost reductions
- •Reducing EV costs with simpler and innovative design architectures
- •Adapting battery sizes to travel needs
- •Supply and value chain sustainability of battery materials
- •Challenges
- •Solutions
- •Towards sustainable minerals sourcing via due diligence principles
- •Initiatives for better battery supply chain transparency and sustainable extractive activities
- •Bridging the gap between due diligence principles and on-the-ground actions
- •Battery end-of-life management
- •Implications of electric mobility for power systems
- •Challenges
- •Solutions
- •Potential for controlled EV charging to deliver grid services and participate in electricity markets
- •Enabling flexibility from EVs
- •Importance of policy actions to enable EV participation in markets
- •Government revenue from taxation
- •Challenges
- •Solutions
- •Near-term options
- •Long-term solutions
- •Shared and automated mobility
- •Challenges
- •Solutions
- •References
- •Statistical annex
- •Electric car stock
- •New electric car sales
- •Market share of electric cars
- •Electric light commercial vehicles (LCV)
- •Electric vehicle supply equipment stock
- •References
- •Acronyms, abbreviations and units of measure
- •Acronyms and abbreviations
- •Units of measure
- •Table of contents
- •List of Figures
- •List of Boxes
- •List of Tables
Global EV Outlook 2019 |
Annexes |
Electric vehicle supply equipment stock
Table A.13. Publicly accessible chargers (slow and fast) by country, 2005-18 (chargers)
|
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
Australia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
476 |
727 |
Brazil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
459 |
Canada |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
724 |
1 179 |
2 321 |
3 424 |
4 035 |
5 841 |
7 940 |
Chile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
18 |
20 |
31 |
40 |
40 |
62 |
100 |
China |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
30 000 |
58 758 |
141 254 |
213 903 |
275 000 |
Finland |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
267 |
383 |
836 |
847 |
847 |
931 |
France |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
809 |
1 802 |
1 827 |
10 445 |
19 618 |
21 184 |
24 132 |
Germany |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 518 |
2 447 |
2 846 |
5 058 |
23 901 |
24 014 |
25 724 |
India |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
25 |
247 |
352 |
Japan |
|
|
|
|
|
312 |
801 |
1 381 |
1 794 |
11 517 |
22 091 |
24 321 |
28 762 |
29 971 |
Korea |
|
|
|
|
|
|
62 |
177 |
292 |
388 |
790 |
1 566 |
5 612 |
9 303 |
Mexico |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 502 |
2 706 |
Netherlands |
|
|
|
|
|
400 |
400 |
2 803 |
5 791 |
11 981 |
18 008 |
32 524 |
33 282 |
36 671 |
New Zealand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
104 |
293 |
Norway |
|
|
|
|
|
2 800 |
3 123 |
3 746 |
4 651 |
5 385 |
5 513 |
7 541 |
9 209 |
12 371 |
Portugal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 078 |
1 127 |
1 175 |
1 195 |
1 260 |
1 295 |
1 605 |
1 786 |
South Africa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
124 |
239 |
Sweden |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
505 |
1 020 |
1 165 |
1 520 |
2 162 |
4 071 |
7 000 |
Thailand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
96 |
96 |
United Kingdom |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 503 |
2 840 |
5 691 |
7 742 |
9 240 |
13 260 |
15 241 |
17 424 |
United States |
|
|
374 |
381 |
419 |
542 |
4 392 |
13 160 |
16 867 |
22 633 |
31 674 |
38 168 |
43 037 |
54 500 |
Others |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 306 |
4 145 |
5 980 |
8 207 |
14 199 |
20 812 |
24 029 |
30 884 |
Total |
|
|
374 |
381 |
419 |
4 054 |
12 667 |
32 953 |
48 976 |
107 621 |
182 856 |
331 369 |
433 248 |
538 609 |
Table A.14. Publicly accessible slow chargers by country, 2005-18 (chargers)
|
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
Australia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
436 |
666 |
Brazil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
454 |
Canada |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
722 |
1 172 |
2 266 |
3 361 |
3 900 |
5 168 |
7 100 |
Chile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
12 |
21 |
25 |
25 |
41 |
74 |
China |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 000 |
46 657 |
86 365 |
130 508 |
163 667 |
Finland |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
250 |
357 |
706 |
706 |
706 |
706 |
France |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
800 |
1 700 |
1 700 |
9 865 |
18 620 |
20 153 |
22 736 |
Germany |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 500 |
2 400 |
2 606 |
4 587 |
22 213 |
22 213 |
23 112 |
India |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
222 |
327 |
Japan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 640 |
16 120 |
17 260 |
21 507 |
22 287 |
Korea |
|
|
|
|
|
|
29 |
59 |
115 |
151 |
449 |
1 075 |
3 081 |
5 394 |
Mexico |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 486 |
2 677 |
Netherlands |
|
|
|
|
|
400 |
400 |
2 782 |
5 770 |
11 860 |
17 786 |
32 120 |
32 875 |
35 852 |
New Zealand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
89 |
Norway |
|
|
|
|
|
2 800 |
3 105 |
3 688 |
4 511 |
5 185 |
5 185 |
7 040 |
8 292 |
11 145 |
Portugal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 072 |
1 120 |
1 158 |
1 178 |
1 238 |
1 254 |
1 452 |
1 602 |
South Africa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
87 |
158 |
Sweden |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
500 |
1 000 |
1 065 |
1 251 |
1 737 |
3 456 |
6 050 |
Thailand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
88 |
88 |
United Kingdom |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 503 |
2 804 |
5 435 |
7 182 |
8 174 |
11 497 |
13 062 |
14 732 |
United States |
|
|
333 |
339 |
373 |
482 |
3 903 |
11 695 |
14 990 |
20 115 |
28 150 |
35 089 |
39 601 |
50 258 |
Others |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 299 |
3 940 |
5 419 |
7 533 |
12 518 |
18 617 |
21 164 |
25 934 |
Total |
|
|
333 |
339 |
373 |
3 682 |
11 311 |
29 620 |
43 932 |
90 859 |
156 072 |
257 518 |
325 598 |
395 107 |
PAGE | 218
IEA. All rights reserved.
Global EV Outlook 2019 |
Annexes |
Table A.15. Publicly accessible fast chargers by country, 2005-18 (chargers)
|
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
Australia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
40 |
61 |
Brazil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
Canada |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
7 |
55 |
63 |
135 |
673 |
840 |
Chile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
8 |
8 |
10 |
15 |
15 |
21 |
26 |
China |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 000 |
12 101 |
54 889 |
83 395 |
111 333 |
Finland |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17 |
26 |
130 |
141 |
141 |
225 |
France |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 |
102 |
127 |
580 |
998 |
1 031 |
1 396 |
Germany |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
47 |
240 |
471 |
1 688 |
1 801 |
2 612 |
India |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
25 |
25 |
25 |
Japan |
|
|
|
|
|
312 |
801 |
1 381 |
1 794 |
2 877 |
5 971 |
7 061 |
7 255 |
7 684 |
Korea |
|
|
|
|
|
|
33 |
118 |
177 |
237 |
341 |
491 |
2 531 |
3 910 |
Mexico |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16 |
29 |
Netherlands |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
21 |
121 |
222 |
404 |
407 |
819 |
New Zealand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
104 |
204 |
Norway |
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
58 |
140 |
200 |
328 |
501 |
917 |
1 226 |
Portugal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
7 |
17 |
17 |
22 |
41 |
153 |
184 |
South Africa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
37 |
81 |
Sweden |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
20 |
100 |
269 |
425 |
615 |
950 |
Thailand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
8 |
United Kingdom |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
36 |
256 |
560 |
1 066 |
1 763 |
2 179 |
2 692 |
United States |
|
|
42 |
42 |
47 |
60 |
489 |
1 464 |
1 877 |
2 518 |
3 524 |
3 079 |
3 436 |
4 242 |
Others |
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
205 |
561 |
674 |
1 681 |
2 195 |
2 865 |
4 951 |
Total |
|
|
42 |
42 |
47 |
372 |
1 356 |
3 332 |
5 044 |
16 762 |
26 784 |
73 851 |
107 650 |
143 502 |
References
ACEA (European Automobile Manufacturers' Association) (2019), ACEA, www.acea.be/, accessed during March and April 2019.
CAAM (Chinese Association of Automobile Manufacturers) (2019), 2018
[Economic operation of the automobile industry in 2018], www.caam.org.cn/xiehuidongtai/20190114/1505221202.html.
EAFO (European Alternative Fuels Observatory) (2019), EAFO, www.eafo.eu/, accessed during March and April 2019.
EV Volumes (Electric Vehicles Volumes) (2019). EV Data Center, www.ev-volumes.com/datacenter/, accessed in April 2019.
Marklines. (2019). Marklines, www.marklines.com/portal_top_en.html, accessed during March and April 2019.
OICA (International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers) (2019). OICA, www.oica.net/, accessed in February 2019.
PAGE | 219
IEA. All rights reserved.
IEA. All rights reserved.