practice in the Global EV Outlook 2017 (IEA, 2017; Nederland Elektrisch, 2019). The United Kingdom offers incentives through its network of local councils.16

Industrial policy

The European Commission has identified batteries as one of the nine strategic value chains for the competitiveness of EU industry and for achieving decarbonisation targets. In 2017, the European Commission launched the European Battery Alliance, a platform gathering countries, key industrial and innovation stakeholders, and banks to work together to develop an innovative, sustainable and competitive battery “ecosystem” in Europe (EC, 2019c). With the launch of its “Strategic Action Plan for Batteries”, in 2018, the European Commission has set concrete measures to support this initiative (EC, 2018b). The main goals of the action plan are to: secure access to raw materials; support European battery cell manufacturing at scale and develop a comprehensive competitive value chain in Europe; strengthen industrial leadership through strengthened EU research and innovation; develop and strengthen a highly skilled workforce in all parts of the battery value chain; support the sustainability of EU battery cell manufacturing industry with the lowest environmental footprint possible; and ensure consistency with the broader enabling and regulatory EU policy framework. The determination to develop a battery industry in the European Union is also demonstrated by the willingness to encourage more risk-taking and step up investment in research and innovation, facilitating access to public funding that would be compatible with the European state aid rules for important, large, highly innovative and transnational battery manufacturing projects with European Interest (Auto Alliance, 2018; IFRI, 2019; EC, 2019d). Germany committed to fund battery production in the European Union with up to EUR 1 billion (USD 1.1 billion), while France developed a EUR 700 million (USD 800 million) action plan to support the battery value chain. In 2018, France and Germany committed to enhance industrial co-operation for the production of battery cells, a development considered indispensable not only for the electrification of the automotive sector, but also for storing electricity produced from variable renewables and for accelerating decarbonisation of power systems (Government of France, 2018).

India

The key policy updates that are expected to drive the transition to electric mobility in India are summarised in Table 2.7.

Vehicle policies

In February 2019, the government approved the proposal for implementation of the “Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles in India Phase II” (FAME Phase II) scheme that reduces the upfront purchase price of hybrid and electric vehicles (The Gazette of India, 2019). The Phase II scheme includes the allocation of a USD 1.4 billion budget to encourage the uptake of electric vehicles and will be implemented over a period of three years from April 2019. It follows an attempt to kick-start the Indian EV market from public procurement programmes that, so far, have not delivered to the extent expected.17 It scales up the earlier FAME scheme, which was launched in 2015. The emphasis of Phase II will be on public and shared transportation. It includes incentives for electric threeand four-wheelers (including rickshaws), as well as for buses, where the incentives are mainly applicable to those vehicles used for public or shared transportation or for commercial purposes. In the case of electric two-wheelers, the incentives are targeted to private vehicles. To encourage more advanced technologies, it is indicated that the incentives only apply to those vehicles using advanced battery chemistries such as a lithium-ion battery, although it is not clear which chemistries are excluded from the incentive.

Charging infrastructure policies

India’s FAME Phase II scheme includes substantial commitments for charging infrastructure (The Gazette of India, 2019). Specifically, it sets an indicative target of 2 700 charging stations in cities above 4 million inhabitants, fast charging stations along major highways at an interval of about 25 km each and ultra-fast charging stations every 100 km (Government of India, 2018a; Government of India, 2019a). India’s FAME Phase II policy has also allocated INR 10 billion (Indian rupees, USD 145 million) between 2019 and 2022 to EVSE deployment. This is nearly 10% of its total budget.

India also updated its Model Building By-Laws from 2016 to mandate 20% of parking space within residential and non-residential complexes must provide EV charging infrastructure (Government of India, 2019b) and placed a cap on the maximum tariff that can be asked by a public charging station (15% above the average cost of supply) (Government of India, 2018a).