- •Abstract
- •Acknowledgements
- •Highlights
- •Executive summary
- •Findings and recommendations
- •Electric mobility is developing at a rapid pace
- •Policies have major influences on the development of electric mobility
- •Technology advances are delivering substantial cost reductions for batteries
- •Strategic importance of the battery technology value chain is increasingly recognised
- •Other technology developments are contributing to cost cuts
- •Private sector response confirms escalating momentum for electric mobility
- •Outlooks indicate a rising tide of electric vehicles
- •Electric cars save more energy than they use
- •Electric mobility increases demand for raw materials
- •Managing change in the material supply chain
- •Safeguarding government revenue from transport taxation
- •New mobility modes have challenges and offer opportunities
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Electric Vehicles Initiative
- •EV 30@30 Campaign
- •Global EV Pilot City Programme
- •Scope, content and structure of the report
- •1. Status of electric mobility
- •Vehicle and charger deployment
- •Light-duty vehicles
- •Stock
- •Cars
- •Light-commercial vehicles
- •Sales and market share
- •Cars
- •Light-commercial vehicles
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Private chargers
- •Publicly accessible chargers
- •Small electric vehicles for urban transport
- •Stock and sales
- •Two/three-wheelers
- •Low-speed electric vehicles
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Buses
- •Stock and sales
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Trucks
- •Stock and sales
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Other modes
- •Shipping
- •Aviation
- •Energy use and well-to-wheel GHG emissions
- •Electricity demand and oil displacement
- •Well-to-wheel GHG emissions
- •References
- •2. Prospects for electric mobility development
- •Electric mobility targets: Recent developments
- •Country-level targets
- •City-level targets
- •Policy updates: Vehicles and charging infrastructure
- •Charging standards
- •Hardware
- •Communication protocols
- •Supporting policies
- •Canada
- •China
- •Vehicle policies
- •Charging infrastructure policies
- •Industrial policies
- •European Union
- •Vehicle policies
- •Charging infrastructure policies
- •Industrial policy
- •India
- •Vehicle policies
- •Charging infrastructure policies
- •Japan
- •Vehicle policies
- •Charging infrastructure policies
- •Industrial policy
- •Korea
- •Vehicle policies
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Industrial policy
- •United States
- •Vehicle policies
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Industrial policy
- •Other countries
- •The emergence of a Global Electric Mobility Programme
- •Industry roll-out plans
- •Vehicles
- •Light-duty vehicles
- •Two/three-wheelers
- •Buses
- •Trucks
- •Automotive batteries
- •Charging infrastructure
- •References
- •3. Outlook
- •Scenario definitions
- •Electric vehicle projections
- •Policy context for the New Policies Scenario
- •Global results
- •Two/three-wheelers
- •Light-duty vehicles
- •Buses
- •Trucks
- •Regional insights
- •China
- •Europe
- •India
- •Japan
- •United States and Canada
- •Other countries
- •Implications for automotive batteries
- •Capacity of automotive batteries
- •Material demand for automotive batteries
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Private chargers
- •Light-duty vehicles
- •Buses
- •Private charging infrastructure for LDVs and buses
- •Publicly accessible chargers for LDVs
- •Impacts of electric mobility on energy demand
- •Electricity demand from EVs
- •Structure of electricity demand for EVs in the New Policies Scenario
- •Structure of electricity demand for EVs in the EV30@30 Scenario
- •Implications of electric mobility for GHG emissions
- •References
- •4. Electric vehicle life-cycle GHG emissions
- •Context
- •Methodology
- •Key insights
- •Detailed assessment
- •Life-cycle GHG emissions: drivers and potential for emissions reduction
- •Effect of mileage on EV life-cycle GHG emissions
- •Effect of vehicle size and power on EV life-cycle emissions
- •Effect of power system and battery manufacturing emissions on EV life-cycle emissions
- •References
- •5. Challenges and solutions for EV deployment
- •Vehicle and battery costs
- •Challenge
- •EV purchase prices are not yet competitive with ICE vehicles
- •Indications from the total cost of ownership analysis
- •Effect of recent battery cost reductions on the cost gap
- •Impacts of developments in 2018 on the total cost of ownership
- •Solutions
- •Battery cost reductions
- •Reducing EV costs with simpler and innovative design architectures
- •Adapting battery sizes to travel needs
- •Supply and value chain sustainability of battery materials
- •Challenges
- •Solutions
- •Towards sustainable minerals sourcing via due diligence principles
- •Initiatives for better battery supply chain transparency and sustainable extractive activities
- •Bridging the gap between due diligence principles and on-the-ground actions
- •Battery end-of-life management
- •Implications of electric mobility for power systems
- •Challenges
- •Solutions
- •Potential for controlled EV charging to deliver grid services and participate in electricity markets
- •Enabling flexibility from EVs
- •Importance of policy actions to enable EV participation in markets
- •Government revenue from taxation
- •Challenges
- •Solutions
- •Near-term options
- •Long-term solutions
- •Shared and automated mobility
- •Challenges
- •Solutions
- •References
- •Statistical annex
- •Electric car stock
- •New electric car sales
- •Market share of electric cars
- •Electric light commercial vehicles (LCV)
- •Electric vehicle supply equipment stock
- •References
- •Acronyms, abbreviations and units of measure
- •Acronyms and abbreviations
- •Units of measure
- •Table of contents
- •List of Figures
- •List of Boxes
- •List of Tables
Global EV Outlook 2019 |
Annexes |
Market share of electric cars
Table A.7. Market share of electric cars (BEV and PHEV) by country, 2005-18 (%)
|
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
|
Australia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01% |
0.01% |
0.11% |
0.19% |
0.15% |
0.25% |
0.41% |
Brazil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.02% |
0.02% |
|
Canada |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.02% |
0.10% |
0.22% |
0.35% |
0.45% |
0.73% |
0.99% |
2.32% |
Chile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01% |
0.02% |
0.02% |
0.06% |
0.07% |
|
China |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.06% |
0.08% |
0.36% |
0.98% |
1.39% |
2.30% |
4.48% |
Finland |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.12% |
0.16% |
0.41% |
0.63% |
1.20% |
2.58% |
4.74% |
|
France |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.12% |
0.33% |
0.53% |
0.70% |
1.18% |
1.44% |
1.76% |
2.15% |
|
Germany |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01% |
0.11% |
0.23% |
0.42% |
0.72% |
0.73% |
1.59% |
1.96% |
|
India |
|
|
|
0.01% |
0.02% |
0.02% |
0.06% |
0.01% |
0.02% |
0.04% |
0.02% |
0.07% |
0.04% |
0.10% |
|
Japan |
|
|
|
|
|
0.06% |
0.33% |
0.58% |
0.65% |
0.69% |
0.59% |
0.50% |
1.23% |
1.13% |
|
Korea |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.05% |
0.12% |
0.21% |
0.34% |
0.98% |
2.21% |
|
Mexico |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01% |
|
|
0.01% |
0.06% |
0.09% |
0.14% |
|
Netherlands |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.15% |
1.02% |
5.38% |
3.89% |
9.75% |
6.39% |
2.67% |
6.57% |
|
New Zealand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.09% |
0.20% |
0.58% |
1.32% |
2.12% |
|
Norway |
|
|
|
|
0.22% |
0.15% |
0.31% |
1.32% |
3.24% |
5.89% |
13.34% |
21.08% |
26.64% |
37.07% |
46.42% |
Portugal |
|
|
|
|
|
0.32% |
0.12% |
0.05% |
0.17% |
0.14% |
0.56% |
0.80% |
1.89% |
3.92% |
|
South Africa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01% |
|
0.06% |
0.10% |
0.05% |
0.04% |
Sweden |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.05% |
0.31% |
0.53% |
1.44% |
2.37% |
3.41% |
6.28% |
7.92% |
|
Thailand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01% |
0.03% |
|
|
|
|
United Kingdom |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.06% |
0.13% |
0.17% |
0.59% |
1.11% |
1.39% |
1.83% |
2.10% |
|
United States |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.17% |
0.43% |
0.71% |
0.77% |
0.70% |
0.98% |
1.26% |
2.45% |
|
Others |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.09% |
0.12% |
0.29% |
0.54% |
0.72% |
1.48% |
1.21% |
|
Table A.8. Market share of battery electric cars (BEV) by country, 2005-18 (%)
|
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
|
|
Australia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.08% |
0.07% |
0.13% |
0.21% |
|
Brazil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Canada |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.12% |
0.19% |
0.28% |
0.33% |
0.52% |
1.19% |
|
Chile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01% |
0.01% |
0.05% |
0.04% |
|
China |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.06% |
0.08% |
0.24% |
0.69% |
1.06% |
1.86% |
3.39% |
|
Finland |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.17% |
0.22% |
0.19% |
0.42% |
0.64% |
|
France |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.12% |
0.30% |
0.49% |
0.58% |
0.89% |
1.06% |
1.21% |
1.43% |
|
Germany |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.07% |
0.18% |
0.27% |
0.37% |
0.34% |
0.73% |
1.05% |
|
India |
|
|
|
0.01% |
0.02% |
0.02% |
0.06% |
0.01% |
0.02% |
0.04% |
0.02% |
0.07% |
0.04% |
0.10% |
|
Japan |
|
|
|
|
|
0.06% |
0.33% |
0.32% |
0.33% |
0.34% |
0.25% |
0.31% |
0.41% |
0.60% |
|
Korea |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.05% |
0.12% |
0.19% |
0.33% |
0.89% |
1.95% |
|
Mexico |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01% |
|
|
0.01% |
0.02% |
0.02% |
0.02% |
|
Netherlands |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.15% |
0.16% |
0.54% |
0.69% |
0.57% |
0.98% |
2.08% |
5.65% |
|
New Zealand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.12% |
0.45% |
1.12% |
1.67% |
|
Norway |
|
|
|
0.22% |
0.15% |
0.31% |
1.32% |
3.00% |
5.67% |
12.21% |
16.11% |
14.37% |
19.66% |
29.47% |
|
Portugal |
|
|
|
|
|
0.32% |
0.12% |
0.05% |
0.13% |
0.14% |
0.34% |
0.35% |
0.82% |
2.08% |
|
South Africa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01% |
|
0.03% |
0.03% |
0.02% |
0.02% |
|
Sweden |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.05% |
0.09% |
0.15% |
0.38% |
0.82% |
0.75% |
1.34% |
1.96% |
|
Thailand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
United Kingdom |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.06% |
0.08% |
0.12% |
0.27% |
0.38% |
0.39% |
0.53% |
0.66% |
|
United States |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.09% |
0.12% |
0.35% |
0.41% |
0.44% |
0.53% |
0.66% |
1.62% |
|
Others |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.09% |
0.12% |
0.23% |
0.39% |
0.47% |
0.91% |
0.51% |
PAGE | 214
IEA. All rights reserved.
Global EV Outlook 2019 |
Annexes |
Table A.9. Market share of plug-in hybrid electric cars (PHEV) by country, 2005-18 (%)
|
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
Australia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01% |
0.01% |
0.11% |
0.11% |
0.08% |
0.12% |
0.21% |
Brazil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.02% |
0.02% |
Canada |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.02% |
0.10% |
0.10% |
0.15% |
0.17% |
0.40% |
0.47% |
1.13% |
Chile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01% |
0.01% |
0.00% |
0.01% |
0.03% |
China |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.12% |
0.29% |
0.33% |
0.44% |
1.09% |
Finland |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.12% |
0.16% |
0.24% |
0.41% |
1.01% |
2.15% |
4.09% |
France |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.03% |
0.05% |
0.11% |
0.29% |
0.38% |
0.54% |
0.72% |
Germany |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01% |
0.04% |
0.05% |
0.14% |
0.34% |
0.40% |
0.86% |
0.92% |
India |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Japan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.26% |
0.32% |
0.34% |
0.34% |
0.19% |
0.82% |
0.53% |
Korea |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.02% |
0.01% |
0.09% |
0.27% |
Mexico |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.04% |
0.07% |
0.13% |
Netherlands |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.86% |
4.84% |
3.21% |
9.18% |
5.42% |
0.59% |
0.92% |
New Zealand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.09% |
0.08% |
0.13% |
0.20% |
0.45% |
Norway |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.24% |
0.22% |
1.13% |
4.97% |
12.26% |
17.41% |
16.95% |
Portugal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.03% |
0.01% |
0.22% |
0.45% |
1.08% |
1.84% |
South Africa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.03% |
0.08% |
0.03% |
0.02% |
Sweden |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.22% |
0.38% |
1.06% |
1.55% |
2.66% |
4.93% |
5.97% |
Thailand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01% |
0.03% |
|
|
|
United Kingdom |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.05% |
0.05% |
0.32% |
0.73% |
1.01% |
1.31% |
1.44% |
United States |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.08% |
0.31% |
0.36% |
0.36% |
0.26% |
0.45% |
0.60% |
0.83% |
Others |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.06% |
0.15% |
0.25% |
0.57% |
0.70% |
PAGE | 215
IEA. All rights reserved.
Global EV Outlook 2019 |
Annexes |
Electric light commercial vehicles (LCV)
Table A.10. Electric LCV stock (BEV and PHEV) by country, 2005-18 (thousands of vehicles)
|
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
|
Australia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brazil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Canada |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
|
Chile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
0.07 |
0.10 |
0.23 |
0.34 |
|
China |
|
|
|
|
|
0.25 |
0.93 |
1.99 |
3.12 |
4.58 |
17.58 |
37.45 |
83.73 |
138.04 |
|
Finland |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.05 |
|
France |
0.26 |
0.26 |
0.26 |
0.73 |
0.73 |
1.52 |
3.20 |
6.84 |
11.96 |
16.44 |
21.37 |
26.93 |
33.24 |
41.34 |
|
Germany |
0.02 |
0.02 |
0.02 |
0.05 |
0.05 |
0.22 |
0.50 |
1.45 |
2.04 |
2.76 |
3.77 |
6.22 |
11.40 |
16.69 |
|
India |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Japan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.85 |
3.34 |
5.40 |
6.45 |
7.27 |
7.60 |
7.92 |
8.20 |
|
Korea |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.02 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
|
Mexico |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Netherlands |
|
|
|
|
0.05 |
0.09 |
0.16 |
0.49 |
0.67 |
1.26 |
1.46 |
1.63 |
2.21 |
3.22 |
|
New Zealand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Norway |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01 |
0.01 |
0.56 |
1.27 |
1.97 |
2.92 |
4.81 |
|
Portugal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.08 |
0.33 |
|
South Africa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sweden |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01 |
0.28 |
0.50 |
0.78 |
1.11 |
1.15 |
1.23 |
3.71 |
|
Thailand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
United Kingdom |
0.10 |
0.25 |
0.46 |
0.66 |
0.84 |
1.08 |
1.35 |
1.78 |
2.10 |
2.92 |
4.70 |
5.83 |
6.45 |
7.63 |
|
United States |
|
|
|
|
|
0.01 |
0.19 |
1.01 |
2.08 |
3.56 |
5.21 |
5.21 |
5.21 |
5.21 |
|
Others |
0.26 |
0.26 |
0.26 |
0.61 |
0.61 |
0.83 |
0.98 |
2.08 |
2.73 |
3.65 |
5.37 |
7.46 |
9.47 |
14.51 |
|
Total |
0.63 |
0.79 |
0.99 |
2.05 |
2.27 |
3.99 |
8.16 |
19.29 |
30.61 |
42.98 |
69.20 |
101.58 |
164.12 |
244.11 |
Table A.11. New electric LCV sales (BEV and PHEV) by country, 2005-18 (thousands of vehicles)
|
|
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
|
Australia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brazil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Canada |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01 |
|
|
|
|
Chile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.04 |
0.03 |
0.13 |
0.11 |
|
China |
|
|
|
|
0.54 |
0.25 |
0.68 |
1.07 |
1.12 |
1.47 |
12.98 |
19.87 |
46.28 |
54.30 |
|
Finland |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.00 |
0.05 |
|
France |
0.26 |
|
|
|
|
0.80 |
1.68 |
3.65 |
5.11 |
4.49 |
4.93 |
5.56 |
6.31 |
8.10 |
|
Germany |
0.02 |
|
|
0.03 |
|
0.17 |
0.28 |
0.95 |
0.60 |
0.72 |
1.02 |
2.45 |
4.47 |
5.29 |
|
India |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Japan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.85 |
2.49 |
2.07 |
1.05 |
0.83 |
0.32 |
0.33 |
0.28 |
|
Korea |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.02 |
0.01 |
|
|
|
Mexico |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Netherlands |
|
|
|
|
|
0.04 |
0.07 |
0.34 |
0.18 |
0.59 |
0.20 |
0.17 |
0.51 |
1.01 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
New Zealand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Norway |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
0.56 |
0.71 |
0.70 |
0.94 |
1.89 |
|
Portugal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
0.06 |
0.04 |
0.19 |
0.25 |
|
South Africa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sweden |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01 |
0.28 |
0.21 |
0.28 |
0.33 |
0.05 |
0.20 |
2.47 |
|
Thailand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
United Kingdom |
0.10 |
0.16 |
0.20 |
0.21 |
0.18 |
0.24 |
0.27 |
0.44 |
0.32 |
0.82 |
1.04 |
1.13 |
0.95 |
1.18 |
|
United States |
|
|
|
|
|
0.01 |
0.18 |
0.82 |
1.08 |
1.48 |
1.65 |
|
|
|
|
Others |
0.26 |
|
|
0.35 |
|
0.22 |
0.17 |
1.31 |
0.75 |
1.30 |
2.26 |
3.02 |
3.24 |
5.04 |
|
Total |
0.63 |
0.16 |
0.20 |
0.59 |
0.72 |
1.72 |
4.20 |
11.35 |
11.46 |
12.77 |
26.06 |
33.35 |
64.54 |
79.99 |
PAGE | 216
IEA. All rights reserved.
Global EV Outlook 2019 |
Annexes |
Table A.12. Market share of electric LCVs (BEV and PHEV) by country, 2005-18 (%)
|
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
Australia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brazil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Canada |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01% |
0.01% |
0.01% |
0.02% |
0.05% |
0.04% |
0.15% |
0.11% |
China |
|
|
|
|
0.04% |
0.02% |
0.04% |
0.06% |
0.06% |
0.08% |
0.85% |
1.17% |
2.70% |
2.87% |
Finland |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6.35% |
0.30% |
France |
0.06% |
|
|
0.10% |
|
0.19% |
0.39% |
0.95% |
1.38% |
1.20% |
1.28% |
1.34% |
1.42% |
2.41% |
Germany |
0.01% |
|
|
0.01% |
|
0.09% |
0.12% |
0.43% |
0.28% |
0.31% |
0.42% |
0.94% |
1.64% |
2.04% |
India |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Japan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.15% |
0.38% |
0.31% |
0.15% |
0.13% |
0.05% |
0.05% |
0.04% |
Korea |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01% |
0.01% |
|
|
Mexico |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Netherlands |
|
|
|
|
|
0.08% |
0.12% |
0.59% |
0.35% |
1.14% |
0.35% |
0.24% |
0.64% |
1.38% |
New Zealand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Norway |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01% |
|
1.87% |
2.14% |
1.99% |
2.73% |
5.30% |
Portugal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01% |
0.10% |
0.15% |
0.09% |
0.19% |
0.13% |
0.50% |
0.67% |
South Africa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sweden |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.02% |
0.70% |
0.57% |
0.67% |
0.73% |
0.09% |
0.35% |
4.37% |
Thailand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
United Kingdom |
0.03% |
0.05% |
0.06% |
0.07% |
0.09% |
0.11% |
0.10% |
0.18% |
0.12% |
0.25% |
0.28% |
0.30% |
0.26% |
0.33% |
United States |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.03% |
0.12% |
0.19% |
0.18% |
0.17% |
|
|
|
Others |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PAGE | 217
IEA. All rights reserved.