- •Abstract
- •Acknowledgements
- •Highlights
- •Executive summary
- •Findings and recommendations
- •Electric mobility is developing at a rapid pace
- •Policies have major influences on the development of electric mobility
- •Technology advances are delivering substantial cost reductions for batteries
- •Strategic importance of the battery technology value chain is increasingly recognised
- •Other technology developments are contributing to cost cuts
- •Private sector response confirms escalating momentum for electric mobility
- •Outlooks indicate a rising tide of electric vehicles
- •Electric cars save more energy than they use
- •Electric mobility increases demand for raw materials
- •Managing change in the material supply chain
- •Safeguarding government revenue from transport taxation
- •New mobility modes have challenges and offer opportunities
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Electric Vehicles Initiative
- •EV 30@30 Campaign
- •Global EV Pilot City Programme
- •Scope, content and structure of the report
- •1. Status of electric mobility
- •Vehicle and charger deployment
- •Light-duty vehicles
- •Stock
- •Cars
- •Light-commercial vehicles
- •Sales and market share
- •Cars
- •Light-commercial vehicles
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Private chargers
- •Publicly accessible chargers
- •Small electric vehicles for urban transport
- •Stock and sales
- •Two/three-wheelers
- •Low-speed electric vehicles
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Buses
- •Stock and sales
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Trucks
- •Stock and sales
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Other modes
- •Shipping
- •Aviation
- •Energy use and well-to-wheel GHG emissions
- •Electricity demand and oil displacement
- •Well-to-wheel GHG emissions
- •References
- •2. Prospects for electric mobility development
- •Electric mobility targets: Recent developments
- •Country-level targets
- •City-level targets
- •Policy updates: Vehicles and charging infrastructure
- •Charging standards
- •Hardware
- •Communication protocols
- •Supporting policies
- •Canada
- •China
- •Vehicle policies
- •Charging infrastructure policies
- •Industrial policies
- •European Union
- •Vehicle policies
- •Charging infrastructure policies
- •Industrial policy
- •India
- •Vehicle policies
- •Charging infrastructure policies
- •Japan
- •Vehicle policies
- •Charging infrastructure policies
- •Industrial policy
- •Korea
- •Vehicle policies
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Industrial policy
- •United States
- •Vehicle policies
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Industrial policy
- •Other countries
- •The emergence of a Global Electric Mobility Programme
- •Industry roll-out plans
- •Vehicles
- •Light-duty vehicles
- •Two/three-wheelers
- •Buses
- •Trucks
- •Automotive batteries
- •Charging infrastructure
- •References
- •3. Outlook
- •Scenario definitions
- •Electric vehicle projections
- •Policy context for the New Policies Scenario
- •Global results
- •Two/three-wheelers
- •Light-duty vehicles
- •Buses
- •Trucks
- •Regional insights
- •China
- •Europe
- •India
- •Japan
- •United States and Canada
- •Other countries
- •Implications for automotive batteries
- •Capacity of automotive batteries
- •Material demand for automotive batteries
- •Charging infrastructure
- •Private chargers
- •Light-duty vehicles
- •Buses
- •Private charging infrastructure for LDVs and buses
- •Publicly accessible chargers for LDVs
- •Impacts of electric mobility on energy demand
- •Electricity demand from EVs
- •Structure of electricity demand for EVs in the New Policies Scenario
- •Structure of electricity demand for EVs in the EV30@30 Scenario
- •Implications of electric mobility for GHG emissions
- •References
- •4. Electric vehicle life-cycle GHG emissions
- •Context
- •Methodology
- •Key insights
- •Detailed assessment
- •Life-cycle GHG emissions: drivers and potential for emissions reduction
- •Effect of mileage on EV life-cycle GHG emissions
- •Effect of vehicle size and power on EV life-cycle emissions
- •Effect of power system and battery manufacturing emissions on EV life-cycle emissions
- •References
- •5. Challenges and solutions for EV deployment
- •Vehicle and battery costs
- •Challenge
- •EV purchase prices are not yet competitive with ICE vehicles
- •Indications from the total cost of ownership analysis
- •Effect of recent battery cost reductions on the cost gap
- •Impacts of developments in 2018 on the total cost of ownership
- •Solutions
- •Battery cost reductions
- •Reducing EV costs with simpler and innovative design architectures
- •Adapting battery sizes to travel needs
- •Supply and value chain sustainability of battery materials
- •Challenges
- •Solutions
- •Towards sustainable minerals sourcing via due diligence principles
- •Initiatives for better battery supply chain transparency and sustainable extractive activities
- •Bridging the gap between due diligence principles and on-the-ground actions
- •Battery end-of-life management
- •Implications of electric mobility for power systems
- •Challenges
- •Solutions
- •Potential for controlled EV charging to deliver grid services and participate in electricity markets
- •Enabling flexibility from EVs
- •Importance of policy actions to enable EV participation in markets
- •Government revenue from taxation
- •Challenges
- •Solutions
- •Near-term options
- •Long-term solutions
- •Shared and automated mobility
- •Challenges
- •Solutions
- •References
- •Statistical annex
- •Electric car stock
- •New electric car sales
- •Market share of electric cars
- •Electric light commercial vehicles (LCV)
- •Electric vehicle supply equipment stock
- •References
- •Acronyms, abbreviations and units of measure
- •Acronyms and abbreviations
- •Units of measure
- •Table of contents
- •List of Figures
- •List of Boxes
- •List of Tables
Global EV Outlook 2019 |
Annexes |
Acronyms, abbreviations and units of measure
Acronyms and abbreviations
3TsG |
Tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold |
AC |
alternating current |
ACEA |
European Automobile Manufacturers Association |
ASEAN |
Association of Southeast Asian Nations |
AV |
autonomous vehicle |
BEV |
battery electric vehicle |
CAD |
Canadian dollar |
CAFE |
corporate average fuel-economy standards |
CAN |
controller area network |
CCS |
combined charging system |
CHAdeMO |
Charge de Move |
CNG |
compressed natural gas |
CO2 |
carbon dioxide |
CO2-eq |
carbon-dioxide equivalent |
CPO |
charge point operator |
DC |
direct current |
DoT |
Department of Transport |
DPER |
Department of Public Expenditure and Reform |
DSO |
distribution system operator |
DSR |
demand-side response |
EAFO |
European Alternative Fuels Observatory |
EC |
European Commission |
EEA |
European Environment Agency |
EEA |
European Economic Area (EU members + Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway) |
EESL |
Energy Efficiency Services Limited (India) |
EPA |
Environmental Protection Agency (United States) |
EPBD |
Energy Performance Buildings Directive |
ETP |
Energy Technology Perspectives |
EU |
European Union |
EUR |
Euro |
EV |
electric vehicle, i.e. BEV, PHEV or FCEV |
EVI |
Electric Vehicles Initiative |
EVS |
electric vehicle system |
EVSE |
electric vehicle supply equipment |
FCEV |
fuel-cell electric vehicle |
FY |
fiscal year |
GBA |
Global Battery Alliance |
GBP |
United Kingdom pound |
IEA. All rights reserved.
Global EV Outlook 2019 |
Annexes |
GDP |
Gross domestic product |
GEVO |
Global Electric Vehicle Outlook |
GHG |
greenhouse gas |
GVW |
gross vehicle weight |
HEV |
hybrid electric vehicle |
HDV |
heavy-duty vehicle |
HFT |
heavy freight trucks |
ICE |
internal combustion engine |
IEA |
International Energy Agency |
JPY |
Japanese yen |
KRW |
Korean won |
LFP |
lithium iron phosphate |
LCA |
life-cycle analysis |
LCV |
light commercial vehicle |
LDV |
light-duty vehicle1 |
Lge |
litres of gasoline equivalent |
LPG |
liquefied petroleum gas |
LSEV |
low-speed electric vehicle |
MEAEF |
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment of Finland |
MFT |
medium freight trucks |
MoE |
Ministry of Energy |
NCA |
nickel cobalt aluminium |
NEDC |
New European Driving Cycle |
NEV |
New energy vehicle |
NEVO |
Nordic Electric Vehicle Outlook |
NGO |
non-governmental organisation |
NMC |
nickel manganese cobalt |
NPS |
New Policies Scenario |
NZD |
New Zealand dollar |
OECD |
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
OEM |
original equipment manufacturer |
OICA |
International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers |
PHEV |
plug-in hybrid vehicle |
PLC |
power line communication |
PLDV |
passenger light-duty vehicle |
R&D |
research and development |
RMB |
Chinese yuan |
RMI |
Responsible Mineral Initiatives |
SAEV |
shared autonomous electric vehicle |
SDS |
Sustainable Development Scenario |
SUV |
sport-utility vehicle |
TCO |
total cost of ownership |
TCP |
Technology Collaboration Programme |
TNC |
transportation network company |
TTW |
Tank-to-wheel |
UK |
United Kingdom |
USD |
United States Dollar |
1 Including passenger cars and light commercial vehicles.
IEA. All rights reserved.
Global EV Outlook 2019 Annexes
V |
Volt |
V2G |
Vehicle-to-grid |
V2X |
Vehicle-to-[element], e.g. vehicle-to-vehicle or vehicle-to- infrastructure |
VAT |
Value-added tax |
VPP |
Virtual power plant |
VRE |
Variable renewable energy |
WLTP |
World-wide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure |
WTT |
Well-to-tank |
WTW |
Well-to-wheel |
ZEV |
Zero-emissions vehicle |
Units of measure
g CO2 |
grammes of carbon dioxide |
g CO2/km |
grammes of carbon dioxide per kilometre |
Gt |
gigatonne |
GW |
gigawatt |
GWh |
gigawatt-hour |
kW |
kilowatt |
kWh |
kilowatt-hour |
Lge |
litres of gasoline equivalent |
Mt CO2 |
million tonnes of CO2 |
MW |
megawatt |
Pa |
Pascal |
t CO2 |
tonnes of CO2 |
Wh/kg |
watt-hour per kilogramme |
IEA. All rights reserved.