- •Foreword
- •Table of contents
- •1. Executive summary
- •Overview
- •Energy sector transformation
- •Taxation
- •Energy market reform
- •Energy security and regional integration
- •Key recommendations
- •2. General energy policy
- •Country overview
- •Energy supply and demand
- •Energy production and self-sufficiency
- •Energy consumption
- •Key institutions
- •Policy and targets
- •Energy sector transformation and independence
- •Taxation
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •3. Oil shale
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Policy and regulatory framework
- •Industry structure
- •Environmental impact from oil shale production and use
- •Future of oil shale
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Oil production
- •Trade: Imports and exports
- •Shale oil
- •Oil products
- •Oil demand
- •Market structure
- •Prices and taxes
- •Upstream – Oil shale liquefaction
- •Infrastructure
- •Refining
- •Ports and road network
- •Storage
- •Emergency response policy
- •Oil emergency reserves
- •Assessment
- •Oil markets
- •Oil security
- •Recommendations
- •5. Electricity
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Electricity generation
- •Imports and exports
- •Electricity consumption
- •Electricity prices and taxes
- •Market structure
- •Wholesale and distribution market
- •Interconnections
- •Synchronisation with continental Europe
- •Network balancing
- •Electricity security
- •Generation adequacy
- •Reliability of electricity supplies
- •Assessment
- •Security of supply
- •Recommendations
- •6. Natural gas
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Consumption of natural gas
- •Trade
- •Production of biomethane
- •Market structure
- •Unbundling of the gas network
- •Wholesale
- •Retail
- •Price and tariffs
- •Financial support for biomethane
- •Infrastructure
- •Gas network
- •Recent changes in network
- •LNG terminal
- •Storage
- •Infrastructure developments
- •Biomethane infrastructure
- •Regional network interconnections
- •Gas emergency response
- •Gas emergency policy and organisation
- •Network resilience
- •Emergency response measures
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •7. Energy, environment and climate change
- •Overview
- •Energy-related CO2 emissions and carbon intensity
- •Climate policy framework
- •The EU climate framework
- •Domestic climate policies
- •Policies to reduce emissions from the electricity sector
- •Policies to reduce emissions from the transport sector
- •Improving the energy efficiency of the vehicle fleet
- •Alternative fuels and technologies
- •Public transport and mode shifting
- •Taxation
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •8. Renewable energy
- •Overview
- •Renewable energy supply and consumption
- •Renewable energy in total primary energy supply
- •Renewable electricity generation
- •Renewables in heat production
- •Renewables in transport
- •Targets, policy and regulation
- •Measures supporting renewable electricity
- •Wind
- •Solar
- •Hydropower
- •System integration of renewables
- •Bioenergy
- •Measures supporting renewable heat
- •Measures supporting renewables in transport
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •9. Energy efficiency
- •Overview
- •Energy consumption by sector
- •Residential sector
- •Industry and commercial sectors
- •Transport
- •Energy efficiency policy framework and targets
- •Targets for 2020 and 2030
- •Energy efficiency in buildings
- •Residential building sector
- •Public sector buildings
- •Support measures
- •District heating
- •District heating market and regulation
- •District heating energy efficiency potential and barriers
- •Industry
- •Transport
- •Assessment
- •Buildings and demand for heating and cooling
- •District heating
- •Industry
- •Challenges
- •Recommendations
- •10. Energy technology research, development and demonstration
- •Overview
- •Public spending on energy RD&D
- •General RD&D strategy and organisational structure
- •Energy RD&D priorities, funding and implementation
- •Industry collaboration
- •International collaboration
- •IEA technology collaboration programmes
- •Other engagements
- •Horizon 2020
- •Baltic collaboration
- •Nordic-Baltic Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Energy Research Programme
- •Monitoring and evaluation
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •ANNEX A: Institutions and organisations with energy sector responsibilities
- •ANNEX B: Organisations visited
- •Review criteria
- •Review team
- •IEA member countries
- •International Energy Agency
- •Organisations visited
- •ANNEX C: Energy balances and key statistical data
- •ANNEX D: International Energy Agency “Shared Goals”
- •ANNEX E: List of abbreviations
- •Acronyms and abbreviations
- •Units of measure
ANNEXES
ANNEX E: List of abbreviations
In this report, abbreviations and acronyms are substituted for a number of terms used within the International Energy Agency. While these terms generally have been written out on first mention, this glossary provides a quick and central reference for the abbreviations used.
Acronyms and abbreviations
AC |
Alternating current |
AIT |
Average interruption time |
BEMIP |
Baltic Energy Market Interconnection Plan |
BENTE |
Baltic Energy Technology Scenarios |
BRELL |
Belarus, Russia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania |
CHP |
Combined heat and power |
CNG |
Compressed natural gas |
DH |
District heating |
EC |
European Commission |
EED |
Energy Efficiency Directive |
ENS |
Energy not supplied |
ENTSO-E European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity
ESCO |
Energy service company |
|
ESD |
Effort Sharing Decision |
|
ESOA |
Energy Sector Organisation Act |
|
ETP |
Energy Technology Programme |
|
ETS |
Energy Trading System |
|
EU |
European Union |
|
EV |
Electric vehicle |
|
GDP |
Gross domestic product |
|
GHC |
Gaseous heat carrier |
|
GHG |
Greenhouse gas |
|
GIPL |
Gas Interconnection Poland-Lithuania |
|
GPCP |
General Principles of Climate Policy |
|
HGV |
Heavy goods vehicle |
|
HVO |
Hydro vegetable oil |
|
IDR |
In-depth Review |
|
IEA |
International Energy Agency |
|
IMO |
International Maritime Organization |
|
LFA |
Liquid Fuel Act |
|
LFSA |
Liquid Fuel Stocks Act |
|
LNG |
Liquefied natural gas |
|
LULUCF |
Land use, land-use change and forestry |
|
MARI |
Manually Activated Reserves Initiative |
|
|
|
|
|
181 |
|
|
|
|
ANNEXES
ANNEXES |
|
MEAC |
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications |
MER |
Ministry of Education and Research |
MOU |
Memorandum of Understanding |
NDPES |
National Development Plan of the Energy Sector |
NECP |
National Energy and Climate Plan |
NGL |
Natural gas liquid |
OECD |
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
OSPA |
Oil Stockpiling Agency |
PPP |
Purchase power parity |
PV |
Photovoltaic |
RD&D |
Research, development and deployment |
RDI |
Research and Development and Innovation Strategy |
SAIDI |
System Average Interruption Duration Index |
SAIFI |
System Average Interruption Frequency Index |
TCP |
Technology collaboration programme |
TFC |
Total final consumption |
TPES |
Total primary energy supply |
TSO |
Transmission system operator |
USD |
United States dollar |
VRE |
Variable renewable energy |
WAM |
With additional measures |
WEM |
With existing measures |
Units of measure
bcm |
billion cubic metre |
CO2 |
carbon dioxide |
CO2-eq |
carbon dioxide equivalent |
g |
gramme |
gCO2 |
grammes of carbon dioxide |
GW |
gigawatt |
GWh |
gigawatt hour |
kb/d |
thousand barrels per day |
kgCO2 |
kilogrammes of carbon dioxide |
km |
kilometre |
ktoe |
kilotonnes of oil equivalent |
kV |
kilovolts |
kWh |
kilowatt hour |
kWh/m2 |
kilowatt hours per square metre |
m |
metre |
m3 |
cubic metre |
182
mb |
million barrels |
mcm |
million cubic metres |
mcm/d |
million cubic metres per day |
Mt |
million tonnes |
MtCO2 |
million tonnes of carbon dioxide |
MtCO2-eq |
million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent |
Mtoe |
million tonnes of oil-equivalent |
MW |
megawatt |
MWe |
megawatts of electricity |
MWh |
megawatt hours |
MWth |
thermal megawatt |
PJ |
petajoule |
tCO2-eq |
tonne of CO2 equivalent |
toe |
tonnes of oil equivalent |
TWh |
terawatt hour |
USD/L |
US dollar/litre |
183
ANNEXES
ANNEXES
The International Energy Agency (IEA) regularly conducts in-depth peer reviews of the energy policies of its member countries. This process supports energy policy development and encourages the exchange of international best practices and experiences.
This report on Estonia is the first since the country became the 29th member of the IEA in 2014. It discusses the energy challenges the country faces and recommends possible solutions to help it achieve a secure and sustainable energy future.
Estonia is on the brink of a major energy transition that will involve a substantial change in the role of domestically produced oil shale in the country’s future energy mix. The transition will require Estonia to carefully balance social, environmental, economic, and energy security considerations.
Estonia has already achieved its emissions reduction and renewable energy targets for
2020, but the country still has the highest carbon intensity of all IEA countries because of the dominant role of oil shale in its energy sector. Reaching Estonia’s ambitious targets for 2030 is possible but requires determined and timely action to decarbonise the country’s electricity and transport sectors.
Estonia also has considerable scope to review energy taxation of all fuels to better reflect their carbon content with a view to accelerating the switch to low-emission technologies, notably in transport.
In this report, the IEA provides recommendations for further improvements of Estonia’s policies to help the country guide the transformation of its energy sector.
ENERGY
POLICIES OF IEA COUNTRIES
Estonia
2019 Review