- •Foreword
- •Table of contents
- •1. Executive summary
- •Overview
- •Energy sector transformation
- •Taxation
- •Energy market reform
- •Energy security and regional integration
- •Key recommendations
- •2. General energy policy
- •Country overview
- •Energy supply and demand
- •Energy production and self-sufficiency
- •Energy consumption
- •Key institutions
- •Policy and targets
- •Energy sector transformation and independence
- •Taxation
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •3. Oil shale
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Policy and regulatory framework
- •Industry structure
- •Environmental impact from oil shale production and use
- •Future of oil shale
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Oil production
- •Trade: Imports and exports
- •Shale oil
- •Oil products
- •Oil demand
- •Market structure
- •Prices and taxes
- •Upstream – Oil shale liquefaction
- •Infrastructure
- •Refining
- •Ports and road network
- •Storage
- •Emergency response policy
- •Oil emergency reserves
- •Assessment
- •Oil markets
- •Oil security
- •Recommendations
- •5. Electricity
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Electricity generation
- •Imports and exports
- •Electricity consumption
- •Electricity prices and taxes
- •Market structure
- •Wholesale and distribution market
- •Interconnections
- •Synchronisation with continental Europe
- •Network balancing
- •Electricity security
- •Generation adequacy
- •Reliability of electricity supplies
- •Assessment
- •Security of supply
- •Recommendations
- •6. Natural gas
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Consumption of natural gas
- •Trade
- •Production of biomethane
- •Market structure
- •Unbundling of the gas network
- •Wholesale
- •Retail
- •Price and tariffs
- •Financial support for biomethane
- •Infrastructure
- •Gas network
- •Recent changes in network
- •LNG terminal
- •Storage
- •Infrastructure developments
- •Biomethane infrastructure
- •Regional network interconnections
- •Gas emergency response
- •Gas emergency policy and organisation
- •Network resilience
- •Emergency response measures
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •7. Energy, environment and climate change
- •Overview
- •Energy-related CO2 emissions and carbon intensity
- •Climate policy framework
- •The EU climate framework
- •Domestic climate policies
- •Policies to reduce emissions from the electricity sector
- •Policies to reduce emissions from the transport sector
- •Improving the energy efficiency of the vehicle fleet
- •Alternative fuels and technologies
- •Public transport and mode shifting
- •Taxation
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •8. Renewable energy
- •Overview
- •Renewable energy supply and consumption
- •Renewable energy in total primary energy supply
- •Renewable electricity generation
- •Renewables in heat production
- •Renewables in transport
- •Targets, policy and regulation
- •Measures supporting renewable electricity
- •Wind
- •Solar
- •Hydropower
- •System integration of renewables
- •Bioenergy
- •Measures supporting renewable heat
- •Measures supporting renewables in transport
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •9. Energy efficiency
- •Overview
- •Energy consumption by sector
- •Residential sector
- •Industry and commercial sectors
- •Transport
- •Energy efficiency policy framework and targets
- •Targets for 2020 and 2030
- •Energy efficiency in buildings
- •Residential building sector
- •Public sector buildings
- •Support measures
- •District heating
- •District heating market and regulation
- •District heating energy efficiency potential and barriers
- •Industry
- •Transport
- •Assessment
- •Buildings and demand for heating and cooling
- •District heating
- •Industry
- •Challenges
- •Recommendations
- •10. Energy technology research, development and demonstration
- •Overview
- •Public spending on energy RD&D
- •General RD&D strategy and organisational structure
- •Energy RD&D priorities, funding and implementation
- •Industry collaboration
- •International collaboration
- •IEA technology collaboration programmes
- •Other engagements
- •Horizon 2020
- •Baltic collaboration
- •Nordic-Baltic Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Energy Research Programme
- •Monitoring and evaluation
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •ANNEX A: Institutions and organisations with energy sector responsibilities
- •ANNEX B: Organisations visited
- •Review criteria
- •Review team
- •IEA member countries
- •International Energy Agency
- •Organisations visited
- •ANNEX C: Energy balances and key statistical data
- •ANNEX D: International Energy Agency “Shared Goals”
- •ANNEX E: List of abbreviations
- •Acronyms and abbreviations
- •Units of measure
ANNEXES
who participated in and contributed to the review, notably Mr. Madis Laaniste, Mr. Jaanus Uiga and Mr. Rein Vaks as well as Mr. Peter Gornischeff, Counsellor at the Estonian Permanent Representation to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for their input and support throughout the review.
The review was prepared under the guidance of Mr. Aad van Bohemen, Head of the Energy Policy and Security Division, IEA. Ms. Dagmar Graczyk managed the review and is the author of the report, with the exceptions of Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 8. Mr. Jason Elliott and Ms. Selena Jihyun Lee wrote Chapters 4, 5 and 6. Mr. Peter Journeay-Kaler wrote Chapter 8. Mr. Oskar Kvarnstrom, Ms. Selena Jihyun Lee, Ms. Lilli Lee and Mr. Deayong Kim prepared and drafted the sections relating to energy data contained in each chapter. Helpful comments, chapter reviews and updates were provided by the following IEA staff: Ms. Maxine Jordan, Ms. Randi Kristiansen, Mr. Kevin Lane, Mr. Joe Ritchie and Mr. Sacha Scheffer. Special thanks to the IEA Secretariat with regard to the data, publication and editing. Mr. Oskar Kvarnstrom, Ms. Selena Jihyun Lee and Ms. Lilli Lee ensured the preparation of the design of the report with figures, tables and maps. Ms. Roberta Quadrelli and Mr. Jungyu Park provided support on statistics. Ms. Therese Walsh managed the editing process and Ms. Astrid Dumond managed the production process.
Organisations visited
Alexela Energy (electricity/natural gas/oil)
AU Energiateenus (electricity efficiency)
Circle K (oil)
Competition Authority (independent statuary body to regulate the energy sector and enforce consumer protection law)
Eesti Energia (mining, electricity and oil shale liquefaction)
Eesti Erametsaliit (RES)
Eesti Pank (central bank of Estonia)
Elektrilevi (distribution system operator)
Elektrum Eesti (renewable energy company)
Elering (electricity and gas transmission system operator)
Enefit Green (power)
Environmental Board
Environmental Investment Centre (energy efficinecy)
Estonian Academy of Sciences
Estonian Employers’ Confederation
Estonian Fund for Nature
Estonian Green Movement
Estonian Power and Heat Association, Utilitas OÜ
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ANNEXES
ANNEXES
Estonian Private Forest Centre
Estonian Renewable Energy Association
Estoniain Union of Co-operative Housing Associations (energy efficiency)
Estonian Wind Power Association
Kiviõli Keemiatööstus (oil shale)
Kredex (financial institution)
Kroodi Terminal (oil)
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications
Ministry of Education
Ministry of Environment
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Interior
Neste Eesti (oil)
NordicEnergy Solutions (Energy Services Company)
OLEREX (oil sector)
OPSA (Estonian Oil Stockpiling Agency)
Orlen Eesti (oil)
State Forest Management Centre
Statistics Estonia
Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) Tallinn
Tallinn University of Technology
Technical Regulatory Authority (energy efficiency)
Union of Electricity Industry of Estonia
Viru Keemia Grupp (oil shale)
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