5. ELECTRICITY
Figure 5.5 Electricity consumption by sector, 1990-2017
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Residential |
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Commercial* |
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Energy** |
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IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Estonia’s commercial sector accounts for the largest share of electricity use.
*Commercial includes commercial and public services, agriculture, and forestry.
**Energy includes petroleum refineries, coal mines, oil and gas extraction, and other energy sectors. Note: TWh = terawatt hour.
Source: IEA (2019a), World Energy Balances 2019, www.iea.org/statistics.
Figure 5.6 Monthly electricity generation, consumption and trade, January 2010October 2018
1500 TWh
Oil shale, coal and peat
Other fossil fuels*
Bioenergy**
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Other renewables*** |
Final consumption
Net exports
-500
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Power generation from oil shale covers seasonal demand variations.
*Other fossil fuels include natural gas, oil and non-renewable waste.
**Bioenergy includes renewable waste.
***Other renewables includes wind and hydro.
Note: TWh = terawatt hour.
Source: IEA (2018), Monthly Electricity Statistics, www.iea.org/statistics.
Electricity prices and taxes
The Electricity Market Act ended the sale of electricity at a regulated price as of 1 January 2013, giving all consumers the opportunity to buy electricity from competing suppliers. Electricity sellers offer consumers packages that fix the price of electricity for a
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5. ELECTRICITY
period of up to three years, using the spot prices of the Nord Pool as a basis. In 2017, 92% of Estonia’s electricity was traded on the Nord Pool spot price power exchange.
The Estonian Competition Authority approves annual network service prices for both the transmission network operator and for distribution network operators. In 2017, the annual average transmission tariff was USD 0.012/kWh (1.05 euro cent), while the average distribution tariff was USD 0.06/kWh (5.28 euro cent) (both without value-added tax).
Estonian households paid USD 159/MWh on average for electricity in 2018, of which taxes accounted for 27% (Figure 5.7). This was in the lower half in an IEA comparison. Electricity prices for industrial users were USD 103/MWh, of which taxes accounted for 15%. This was among the median in the IEA. Compared to neighbouring countries, Estonia has higher prices for industries but lower ones for households (Figure 5.8).
Figure 5.7 Electricity prices and taxes in IEA member countries, 2018
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IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
* Tax information for the United States is not available.
Note: Data not available for industry in Australia and New Zealand. Source: IEA (2019c), Prices and Taxes 2019, www.iea.org/statistics.
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ENERGY SECURITY