Example: Without his wife’s constant support he would never have achieved his ambition.

If he hadn’t got his wife’s support, he would never have achieved his

ambition.

1. It’s my opinion that you should take more exercise. If I…

2. But for his presence of mind there might have been a serious accident. If it…

3. Considering all the problems it’s a miracle we succeeded. If one…

4. Without proper lessons you could pick up a lot of bad habits. If you…

5. It would be a waste of everybody’s time to discuss the question any further. It…if we…

6. Follow the instructions carefully and you won’t have any problems. As long as…

7. For us to have given up at that stage would have been an admission of total defeat. If we…

Exercise 66. Identify the implied condition by creating sentences using if-clauses.

Example: I would have visited you, but I didn’t know that you were at home.

I would have visited you if I had known you were at home.

1. It wouldn’t have been a good meeting without Rosa.

2. I would have answered the phone, but I didn’t hear it ring.

3. I couldn’t have finished the work without your help.

4. I like to travel. I would have gone to Nepal last summer, but I didn’t have enough money.

5. I stepped on the brakes. Otherwise, I would have hit the child on the bicycle.

6. Olga turned down the volume on the tape player. Otherwise, the neighbours probably would have called to complain about the noise.

7. Darek would have finished his education, but he had to quit school and find a job in order to support his family.

8. Sara’s dad would have picked her up, but I forgot to tell him that she needed a ride.

9. I opened the door slowly. Otherwise, I could have hit someone.

10. Doug would have gone with me, but he couldn’t get time off from work.

Exercise 67. Complete the sentences using the past conditionals of the verbs in brackets.

1. He didn’t know anything about the party, or he (come)

2. The doctor told me nothing about the new treatment, or I (try) it.

3. Why didn’t you consult your tutor? He (advise) you what to do.

4. We couldn’t get in touch with each other, or we (avoid) a lot of trouble.

5. There were no computers in those times, or my father (learn) them.

6. He was pressed for time last week, or he (visit) his in-laws.

7. Helen didn’t buy the dress though it was just what she wanted. In her place I (buy) it.

8. Michael finally made up with his son, or he (change) his will.

9. Why didn’t you ask me? I (can) (give a lift) you to the fitness center.

10. It really was hitting news, or everybody (take) it easy.

11. You’ve got into a mess again! Really you (can) (be) more careful!

12. Liza’s mother did all the housework, or she (learn) how to cook.

13. She had an alibi, or the police (arrest) her.

14. The new perfume was too sweet, or I (buy) it.

15. The serial was too long, otherwise I (watch) it to the end.

Exercise 68. Translate into English.

1. Она тебя не видела, иначе бы она поздоровалась. 2. Никто отсюда не выходил, иначе я бы его видел. 3. Ты не знаешь фактов, иначе ты так не говорил бы. 4. Вы не знаете этот материал, иначе вы давали бы свои собственные примеры. 5. Он опоздал на поезд. Иначе он был бы уже здесь. 6. Она не знала о собрании, иначе она бы пришла. 7. Ты дал мне неправильный адрес, иначе я нашла бы магазин. 8. Ты мало бываешь на воздухе, иначе ты не была бы такой бледной. 9. Он знал, что вы хотите работать в школе, иначе он не предложил бы вам эту должность. 10. Я хорошо его знаю, иначе я не рекомендовал бы его вам.

Exercise 69. Complete the sentences using the conditionals of the verbs in brackets.

1. But for his dog he (be) quite lonely.

2. But for his long teeth he (be) quite good-looking.

3. But for this young woman none of this (happen).

4. But for these people your uncle (be dead) long ago.

5. But for this we never (meet).

6. I never (think) of it but for you.

7. But for Miss Marple we (may/burn) these letters.

8. The man was so near him that, but for the glass, Bobby (can/stretch out) his arm and (touch) him.

9. I already (see) Mrs. Tan but for her being absent when you were arrested.

10. The face, ruddy and handsome with pale blue eyes, (can/be) that of a young man but for the silver in the hair above it.

11. But for his cry, I (may/notice) nothing unusual.

Exercise 70. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the example.

Example: But for the sore throat, I would go to school.

If it were not for my sore throat, I would go to school.

But for the sore throat, I would have gone to school yesterday.

If it hadn’t been for my sore throat, I would have gone to

school yesterday.

1. But for the small print, I would read the book quickly.

2. But for his charming smile, no one would believe him.

3. But for his arrival, we wouldn’t have stopped quarrelling so soon.

4. But for the scar on his chin, nobody would have recognized him.

5. But for her poor health, she would go out more often.

6. But for the guide’s help, we would have lost our way.

7. But for her intolerant disposition, she would be a better friend.

8. But for the urgent matter to attend to, he wouldn’t have left us so soon.

Exercise 71. Translate into English.

1. Если бы не жара, мы сыграли бы в теннис. 2. Если бы не телевизор в соседней комнате, я бы спал совсем хорошо. 3. Если бы не дождь, они были бы уже здесь. 4. Если бы не гроза, самолет прибыл бы вовремя. 5. Если бы не ты, я не знал бы, что делать. 6. Если бы не такси, мы не застали бы его дома. 7. Если бы не отец, ему не удалось бы получить такое хорошее образование. 8. Если бы не друзья, он мог бы погибнуть. 9. Если бы не ветер, мы, возможно, пошли бы купаться. 10. Если бы не машина моих друзей, я могла бы опоздать на работу. 11. Он, возможно, стал бы чемпионом, если бы не сломанная в прошлом году нога. 12. Если бы не окружающие его книги, он чувствовал бы себя совсем одиноким. 13. Если бы не важность этого дела, я остался бы дома. 14. Мы бы так и не узнали ничего о нем, если бы не этот случай. `15. Если бы не неожиданный приезд брата, я пошел бы в кино с вами. 16. Если бы не его упрямство, он уже тогда принял бы вашу помощь. 17. Если бы она не была такой рассеянной, то не потеряла бы кошелек. 18. Если бы Джейн так не везло, она бы не выигрывала всё время в карты. 19. Никто ничего бы не узнал, если бы не твоя болтливость. 20. Если бы не шпаргалки, он никогда не сдал бы экзамен. 21. Если бы не туфли, которые мне были малы, мне было бы очень весело. 22. Если бы не болезнь их вратаря, они бы вчера выиграли.

Exercise 72. Complete the sentences using the phrases of the right column.

1. But for him… a) be late.

2. But for the doctor… b) be still in bed.

3. But for the train… c) be in time.

4. But for your help… d) finish the work on Sunday.

5. But for the rain… f) go to the country.

6. But for the fog… g) not lose the way.

7. But for his illness… h) be doing quite well.

8. But for the explosion… i) not be destroyed.

9. But for his warning… j) get into the trap.

10.But for hot coffee… k) be still quite cold.

11.But for the fire… l) be living in this house.

12. But for his laziness… m) to be able to do rather well.

Exercise 73. Complete the sentences using the conditionals.

1. But for my boss’s recommendation…

2. But for unfavourable weather…

3. But for Charles’ profound knowledge…

4. But for her intelligence and smartness…

5. But for the house being too big…

6. But for the manager’s competence…

7. But for the children being left alone…

8. But for the pizza being too spicy…

9. But for Francis’s dark suspicions…

10. But for this awkward misunderstanding…

11. But for the girl being too sophisticated…

12. But for English being so universally popular…

13. But for the lovely and unexpected surprise…

14. But for the tiresome hurly-burly of the city…

Exercise 74. Translate into English.

1. Если бы не её слабое здоровье, она была бы моей лучшей ученицей. 2. Если бы не ваша помощь и сочувствие, эта книга никогда бы не была написана. 3. Он показал мне, как это делается. Если бы не его помощь, я бы ничего не сделала. 4. В начале диктанта было одно трудное место. Если бы не это, он был бы совсем легкий. 5. Я всегда теряюсь на экзаменах. Если бы не моё волнение, я бы отвечала лучше. 6. Она немного ленива. Если бы не это, она была бы прекрасной студенткой. 7. Там часто шли дожди. Если бы не погода, мы бы прекрасно отдохнули. 8. Мы сбились с дороги. Если бы не это, мы бы не пришли так поздно. 9. Она показала нам дорогу. Если бы не она, мы бы заблудились. 10. Она объяснила мне это правило. Если бы не её объяснение, я бы и сейчас делал эти ошибки.

Alternatives to IF.

Exercise 75. Translate into Russian. Mind that conditional clauses can be introduced by the conjunctions other than if. In case and provided/providing are chiefly used in sentences of real condition. Suppose/supposing is more common in sentences of unreal condition.

1. Unless we were very lucky, we might be unable to find a way in. 2. Just in case there should be any gossip, I'll tell them what I've seen with my own eyes. 3. Unless they could overpower us by numbers, we should be able to fight them off. 4. Supposing the coroner this morning had read that note, it would have made things a little bit trickier for you, wouldn't it? 5. Unless I had heard the story from his own lips I should never have believed that he was capable of such an action. 6. Suppose he wrote to you, would you answer? 7. She will write a letter to her father in case anything should happen to her. 8. I should agree to do all you have asked me on condition that nobody interfered with my action. 9. Well, supposing you were on sentry duty and some person asked you what you were doing - what would you say? 10. He'd be ruined unless he could get a million to pay his debts. 11. Suppose some other European pauper Prince were anxious to marry Princess Anna and her fortune, wouldn't that Prince have an interest in stopping your loan to Prince Eugene? 12. I'd not object provided all the others agreed. 13. So/As long as you promise not to tell anyone you can come too. 14. You can drive this car provided/ providing (that) it is fully insured. 15. I think I’ll accept it, assuming the offer is still there. 16. Mario can’t come with us, even if he is your best friend. 17. If only we’d got there sooner, the accident would never have happened. 18. We’ll buy it, if and when our income improves. 19. You can come in on (the) condition that you don’t stay long. 20. Provided you remember the password, you’ll be in no danger. 21. Provided the airport is clear of fog, we’ll land there. 22. Unless you had studied film history, you'd never have passed that test!

Exercise 76. Use the given information to complete the sentences. Mind that whether or not expresses the idea that neither that nor this condition matters; the result will be the same. Even if/even though gives the idea that a particular condition doesn’t matter.

Example: Usually people need to graduate from school to get a good job. But it’s different for Ed. Maybe Ed will graduate from school, and maybe he won’t. It doesn’t matter because he has a good job waiting for him in his father’s business.

a) Ed will get a good job whether or not he graduates.

b) Ed will get a good job even if he doesn’t graduate.

1. Sam’s uncle tells a lot of jokes. Sometimes they’re funny, and sometimes they’re not. It doesn’t matter.

Sam laughs at the jokes whether … or not.

Sam laughs at the jokes even if/even though …

2. Maybe you are finished with the exam, and maybe you’re not. It doesn’t matter. The time is up.

You have to hand in your examination paper whether … or not.

You have to hand in your examination paper even if …

3. It might snow, or it might not. We don’t want to go camping in the snow, but it doesn’t matter.

We’re going to go camping in the mountains whether … or not.

We’re going to go camping in the mountains even if …

4. Max’s family doesn’t have enough money to send him to the college. He would like to get a scholarship, but it doesn’t matter because he’s saved some money to go to school and has a part-time job.

Max can go to school whether … or not.

Max can go to school even if …

5. Sometimes the weather is hot, and sometimes the weather is cold. It doesn’t matter. My grandfather always wears his gray sweater.

My grandfather wears his gray sweater whether … or not.

My grandfather always wears his gray sweater even if …

6.Your approval doesn’t matter to me.

I’m going to marry Harry whether … or not.

I’m going to marry Harry even if ….

Exercise 77. Complete the sentences with your own words, using whether or not and even if.

1. Even if … I’m not going to go.

2. …whether I feel better or not.

3. Even if the weather improves.

4. Even if …, Maria may lose her job.

5. Getting that job depends on whether or not … .

6. … whether you want me to or not.

7. I won’t tell you even if … .

8. I’m really angry! Maybe he’ll apologize, and maybe he won’t. It doesn’t matter. Even if … , I won’t forgive him!

9. I’m exhausted. Please don’t wake me up even if … .

10. I’m not going to … even if … .

Exercise 78. Put in the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1. We (come back) by all means even if it (be) as late as midnight.

2. Even if I (write) to Dave, he (not/get) the letter.

3. You hardly (believe) it even though you (see) it with your own eyes.

4. Even though you (come) earlier, you (not/find) me in.

5. Even if you (know) him well, you (not/recognize) him, he has so greatly changed.

6. He is a sound sleeper and you (not/wake) him up even if your voice (be) as loud as a train whistle.

7. Even if the work (be) twice as difficult I (not/refuse) to do it.

8. You (do) as you please even if I (give) you advice.

9. Even though the way (be) twice as short, we (miss) the train all the same, for I got the schedule mixed up.

10. She (can/not/join) our excursion even if you (invite) her; she was ill.

Exercise 79. Translate into English.

1. Даже если бы вы позвонили вчера, я не смог бы прийти. 2. Он бы выполнил это задание, даже если бы оно было вдвое труднее. 3. В зале было так много народу, что я не мог бы найти его, даже если бы знал, что он там. 4. Даже если бы вы предупредили бы меня, я не успел бы повидать его. 5. Я не смог бы поговорить с ним на эту тему, даже если бы я его вчера видел. 6. Я не закончил бы эту работу к вечеру, даже если бы мне помогли. 7. Даже если бы он очень изменился внешне, я всегда бы узнал его по голосу. 8. Он ни за что с вами не согласится, даже если бы он был не прав.

Exercise 80. Paraphrase the sentences using the conjunctions in brackets.

Example: If you gave me $10,000, I still (not/go) down a coal mine. (even if)

Even if you gave me $10,000, I still wouldn’t go down a coal mine.

1. I (lend) you my book if you let me have it back by Monday. (on (the) condition that)

2. If you look after it, I (let) you keep my bicycle till the weekend. (providing (that)

3. If you (not/tell) anyone else, I’ll tell you what happened. (as/so long as)

4. If it (be) a holiday on Monday, we can drive to the seaside. (assuming)

5. The children were never scolded if they (do) what they were told (as/so long as)

6. We (have) the meeting this afternoon if no one objects. (provided)

7. If they (ask) me why I resigned from my last job – what should I say? (supposing)

8. I’ll write to you every week if you (promise) to reply. (as/so long as)

Exercise 81. Tick the sentences where we could use either if not or unless. Remember that we cannot use unless in place of if not when if not doesn’t mean “except if”, and we often use unless to introduce an afterthought.

1. I won’t do it if you don’t help me. __

2. Unless he chooses his words more carefully, he’ll be in trouble. __

3. She’d have more friends if she didn’t criticize everyone so much. __

4. I’ll be surprised if they don’t get married one day. __

5. She couldn’t have stolen the jewels unless she had had inside help. __

6. She couldn’t have stolen the jewels – unless of course someone had helped her.__

7. I’d be very pleased with this car if it didn’t break down all the time. _

Exercise 82. Supply if not or unless in these sentences. Note where we could use either.

Example: (you/tell) me the whole story, I won’t be able to help you.

Unless you tell/If you don’t tell me the whole story, I won’t be able to

help you.

1. He would be happier and healthier (he/have) so many worries.

2. We couldn’t have caught the plane – (we/break) the speed limit getting to the airport.

3. (management and unions/become) more flexible, there’d be a lot more strikes.

4. I’ll be there by 7 o’clock (I/get held up) in the traffic.

5. (we/have) more rain soon, the plants will all die.

6. (you/not/warn) me, I would have fallen into the same trap as you.

Exercise 83. Complete these sentences with your own ideas.

1. Provided our calculations are correct …

2. Unless she is injured …

3. Supposing it was possible to go back in time…

4. Providing my neighbours don’t object …

5. Supposing I get made redundant …

6. Unless the destruction of the world’s rain forests is stopped …

Exercise 84. Choose between if and in case. Mind that they do not mean the same. Follow the example.

Example: I’ll buy a bottle of wine (now) in case Roger comes (later).

I’ll buy a bottle of wine (later) if Roger comes (and if he

doesn’t come, I won’t).

1. I’m taking my umbrella with me…it rains.

2. I’ll open the umbrella…it rains.

3. People phone the fire brigade…their houses catch fire.

4. People insure their houses …they catch fire.

5. We have a burglar alarm…somebody tries to beak in.

6. The burglar alarm will go off… somebody tries to beak in.

7. I’ll let you know…I need help.

8. I’ll take the mobile phone… I need to phone you.

Exercise 85. Make sentences using in case to talk about precautions.

Example: I’ve bought a chicken in case your mother stays to lunch.

or: I’ve bought a chicken in case your mother should stay to lunch.

I wrote down her address in case I forgot it.

or: I wrote down her address in case I should forget it.

A woman is packing to go on holiday in Austria.

SHE’S PACKING: a German phrase book a pack of cards a

racket a thick sweater a swimsuit aspirins

binoculars her address book some books

walking boots

IN CASE: she decides to send postcards she has time to read

she meets people who play bridge she wants to go

walking the hotel has a heated pool the hotel staff don’t

speak English the sun gives her a headache the weather

is cold there is a tennis court she wants to go bird-

watching

Exercise 86. Show the relationship between the ideas in the two sentences by using in case and/or in the event that. Mind that in the event that is more formal than in case, and the use of should in the conditional clause emphasizes the speaker’s uncertainty that something will happen.

Example: You probably won’t need to get in touch with me, but may be you will.

If so, I’ll give you my phone number.

I’ll give you my phone number in case/in the event that you (should)

need to get in touch with me.

1. You probably won’t need to see me, but maybe you will. If so, I’ll be in my office tomorrow morning about ten.

2. I don’t think you need any more information, but maybe you do. If so, you can call me.

3. You probably don’t have any more questions, but maybe you do. If so, ask Dr. Smith.

4. Jack probably won’t call, but maybe he will. If so, please, tell him that I’m at the library.

5. You will probably be satisfied with your purchase, but maybe not. If not, you can return it to the store.

Exercise 87. Complete the following sentences.

1. I’ve told you all I know. In the event that you need more information, …

2. It’s a good idea for you to keep a written record of your credit card numbers in case …

3. I think I’d better clean up the apartment in case …

4. I have my umbrella with me just in case …

5. In the event that the two countries agree to a peace treaty …

6. I’ll try to be there on time, but in case I’m not …

7. According to the manufacturer’s guarantee, I should return my new camera to the factory in the event that …