Introduction.

The Global Internet Network (Internet) has made the exchange of information accessible, regardless of state borders and distances, turning before our eyes into an information ocean. To a greater or lesser extent in Russia, almost all segments of the population have encountered the Internet, and even if for someone it is just a tool for spending time or even a toy, interest in this

_________________________________

© Fedorov V.A., Nekhaeva O.G., 2020

area is constantly growing. The use of the Web is accompanied by an avalanche of new terms that fall on the person, most of which are either ignored or understood based on the context. The situation is different for those who, by their occupation or by virtue of their job responsibilities, need to accurately understand or translate scientific and technical texts from English into Russian.

Today, English is the most important international means of communication for information technology (IT) professionals. It is impossible in our time to recognize the training of a specialist of high quality, if the study of English at the university did not meet modern conditions and requirements of the labor market. It is the level of knowledge of the English language that often determines the pace and opportunities for career growth of an IT specialist.

The aim of the study is to identify the difficulties most often encountered in the way of an IT translator and try to give some ways to overcome them.

Research methodology.

The research is based on more than ten years of teaching experience in various specialties of the Faculty of Information Technology and Computer Security (FITCS), as well as on the additional professional retraining program "Translator in the field of professional communication".

As a material for the study, we used translations performed by students, undergraduates and postgraduates of the FITCS and students of the program "Translator in the field of professional communication" in preparation for exams. “English-Russian dictionary of programming and computer science” by A. B. Borkovsky and “English-Russian explanatory dictionary of the internet” by I. K. Mironchikov and V. A. Pavlovtsev were also used as the research material.

The method of observation, the method of contextual analysis, the method of comparison and generalization were used.

Research results.

At Voronezh State Technical University, the Faculty of Information Technology and Computer Security trains professionals in a fairly impressive range of profiles. In addition, after the merger of two universities – the Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering and the Voronezh State Technical University – two additional professional retraining programs "Translator in the field of professional communication" continue to operate in our university. Each of them is engaged in training students, leaving behind training in those specialties that originally existed in both universities. However, despite the wide range of specialties, all teachers are faced with student translations performed within the program, which are replete with IT terms. To teach the culture of writing, which a technical translator must master - this is the task that teachers face.

Any written translation, especially the translation of the sphere we analyze, is associated with a number of stylistic, terminological, and other difficulties. As a rule, Internet resources are the main helpers for many, as a result of which translation texts are full of stylistically incorrect constructions, untranslated terms, fully or incorrectly presented abbreviations.

In order to write in Russian correctly, students, undergraduates and postgraduates who perform translation should be equipped with dictionaries and reference manuals corresponding to their specialty, some of which are given in the bibliography for this article. Among them, the “English-Russian explanatory dictionary on the internet” deserves special attention, the authors of which are Mironchikov I. K. and Pavlovtsev V. A. The dictionary quite successfully fills the terminological vacuum of this sphere and after each definition gives detailed interpretations of practical orientation. For example:

dynamic routing – динамическая маршрутизация

Метод маршрутизации, при котором таблицы маршрутизации (routing table) модифицируются в результате работы протоколов в маршрутизации, а также ICPM-перенаправлений [1**, p. 67].

A routing method in which routing tables are modified as a result of routing protocols and ICPM- redirects.

Despite the huge number of dictionaries, reference manuals on translation and the Internet, teaching the translation of scientific and technical literature remains a difficult task. It is also not easy for a professional in this field to learn how to give a high-quality translation. The translator of scientific and technical literature is faced with the question – to translate or not to translate this or that term, and if to translate, then how – to transliterate or to transcribe? In connection with these questions, there is a huge number of not only errors, but also illogical statements.

Ukrainian translator O. M. Delenik in the article "Is e-mail translated into Russian?" raises the question of the correctness of the translation of this lexeme. Indeed, the translation is recorded in the dictionaries: electronic mail (e-mail) – e-mail [1, p. 28].

According to the requirements of GOST 1.5-2001 ‘Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization’. General requirements for construction, presentation, design, content and designation" in paragraph 4.1.5 it is written that:

The standard does not allow the use of:

turns of colloquial speech, technicisms and professionalism;

– for the same concept, different scientific and technical terms that are similar in meaning (synonyms), as well as foreign words and terms if there are equivalent words and terms in the Russian language;

arbitrary word formations [2].

However, we constantly meet with all the listed phenomena in the translations that are performed by students of the program of additional professional education.

Delenik O. M. notes that "e-mail" is contained in the output data – information of printed publications, and on business cards of people of various professions, including translators. However, this is at odds with the requirements of GOST [1, p. 28].

All this is reminiscent of how in the XIX century it was customary to write some French words in the original language, for example, pince-nez, mélange or curieux. In general, "mixing of languages: French with Nizhny Novgorod" [3].

By the way, mail comes from the French word malle – a travel chest or bag and even a mail carriage. This word in Old French was written male and meant "a leather bag in which correspondence was carried". Thanks to metonymy, the bag began to be called correspondence or mail. In the future, the word migrated from Old French to English and burdened with the letter "e" turned into e-mail.

Abbreviations are particularly difficult to translate into Russian. The article by Iskakova K. R. and Korepina N. A. "Features of translation of abbreviations in the text of the specialty" is devoted to the analysis of methods of transfer of abbreviation units [4, p. 193-198]. The authors of this work, following Rudinskaya L. S. [5, p. 5], propose to divide the abbreviation into three types: syllabic, compound and initial.

We propose to consider these three types on the example of IT-sphere terms. The syllabic abbreviation is formed from the initial syllable of the word, for example: nick = nickname (alias; name under which the user registers in the network); au = audio (file format for recording audio, au format) [2**].

Compound syllabic abbreviations are formed from several initial syllables or from the initial and final syllables of phrases: news admin = news administrator (newsgroup administrator); unicode = universal code (single encoding) [2**].

The third type is initial, that is, one that consists only of initial letters. It, in turn, can be divided into abbreviations and acronyms. The abbreviation is formed from the initial letters of complex words or phrases that are pronounced sequentially: UWCC – Universal Wireless Communication Consortium; FTP – File Transfer Protocol [1**].

Acronyms, however, are pronounced not as individual letters of the alphabet, but as words: MIME type (MIME type that describes the contents of an email for proper processing of the message by the recipient system), where MIME – Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions; WIN – Wireless Intelligent Network [1**].

Acronyms have a variety when the first word is reduced to one or more letters, pronounced as letters of the alphabet, and the second element remains unchanged: e-serial = electronic serial; PC-user = user's personal computer [1**].

One of the most difficult things when choosing the way to translate an acronym, which, by the way, can have a universal spelling in all European languages, is to take into account how convenient it is to pronounce and write in Russian. In each case, it is necessary to take into account the advantages and disadvantages of a particular method of translating abbreviations and acronyms.

Let's imagine the following ways to translate abbreviations:

1. Translation abbreviation equivalent in the Russian language. PIN = personal identification number (персональный идентификационный номер) – ПИН [2**].

2. The translation of the description, where the Russian language is not in keeping with the concept that the abbreviation means. For example, CAD = computer-aided design (система автоматизированного проектирования) [2**].

3. International abbreviations may remain untranslated: ATM = automatic teller machine; GPS = global positioning system.

4. The names of societies are usually translated by transliteration: CCITT = Commité Consultatif International Télégraphique et Téléphonique (Международный консультативный комитет по телеграфии и телефонии) – МККТТ [1**].

It should be noted that in English it is customary to shorten almost any term. What is called a term in Russian is an abbreviation in English: LCD (liquid crystal display) or liquid crystal screen (sometimes LCD screen); processor (Central processing unit) [2**].

The analysis of student translations gave examples of successful avoiding the translation of abbreviations in the source text in any way:

Augmented realities can be displayed on a wide variety of displays, from screens and monitors, to handheld devices or glasses. Google Glass and other head –up displays (HUD) put augmented reality directly onto your face, usually in the form of glasses.

Дополненная реальность может быть отображена на разнообразных дисплеях, от экранов и мониторов, до устройств, которые держат в руках, или очков. Google Glasses и другие дисплеи, расположенные на голове, помещают дополненную реальность прямо на ваше лицо, обычно в форме очков.

At the same time, we are constantly faced with a situation where students do not bother to explain the abbreviation, despite the fact that it is not so common that it can be easily understood without looking at the reference manual. Here is an example.

The mobile phone has become ubiquitous because of the interoperability of mobile phones across different networks and countries. This is due to the equipment manufacturers working to meet one of a few standards, particularly the GSM standard which was designed for Europe-wide interoperability.

Мобильный телефон стал повсеместным из-за взаимодействия мобильных телефонов в разных сетях и странах. Это связано с тем, что производители оборудования работают над одним из нескольких стандартов, в частности стандартом GSM, который был разработан для взаимодействия в Европе.

The English-Russian Internet Explanatory Dictionary explains that GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a global mobile communication system, the standard of which is widely used in Europe and is dominant in the wireless communication market [1**, p.89].

Disclosure of the abbreviation and its translation or explanation in Russian serves to convey complete information to the recipient.

Cross-language communication, accompanied by professional translation, is an integral part of the life of IT workers. The question of the need to prepare control materials to determine the qualification of the translator is discussed by Berg E. B., Keith M. – employees of the engineering and linguistic company Language Interface (USA). The authors speak about the importance not only of the competence and communicative aspects of qualification assessment, but also of the cognitive one. The cognitive abilities of the translator can be judged, including the translation of abbreviations [6, p. 165].

Let's give an example from the analyzed sphere. The widely used abbreviation ATM can be automatically transmitted by students as "automatic teller machine (ATM)". However, when used in different contexts, the abbreviation ATM has different meanings. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode – asynchronous method of data transfer) is a high-performance network switching and multiplexing technology, which, in contrast to the synchronous method of data transfer (STM –Synchronous Transfer Mode), is more suitable for providing data transfer services with a very different or decreasing bitrate [1**, p. 16.]. Here is an example of an incorrect understanding of this abbreviation, which we had to face:

ATM provides the ability to allocate bandwidth, control delays, and guarantee delivery, which makes it suitable for transmitting multimedia data. i.e. ATM is a network with a guaranteed level of service quality.

Банковский автомат (АТМ) предоставляет возможности выделения полосы пропускания, контроля задержек, гарантированной доставки, что делает ее пригодной для передачи данных мультимедиа, т.е. АТМ является сетью с гарантированным уровнем качества сервиса.

This proposal is not about an ATM, but about an asynchronous method of data transmission. However, to understand this, you need to make more effort to search not only on the Internet, but also in special dictionaries. Such an approach would indicate a high cognitive ability of the future specialist.

Replenishment of the vocabulary of the language due to special terminology in the era of rapidly developing scientific and technological progress is continuous. The types of terms can be distinguished by a number of features. Let's present two main features on the example of the vocabulary of the IT sphere:

1. Terms whose common language meaning has been reinterpreted. As a rule, they remain polysemous, preserving the semantic connection with the general language meaning. For example: drive – disk drive; handler – program for responding to a special situation; path – access path; media – information carrier [2**].

It should be noted that depending on the context, some terms can mean completely different concepts. For example:

cash – cash; quick access memory, temporary memory

key – key; key; code

handshake – handshake; establishing a connection with confirmation

jam – jam; to squeeze, to pinch

2. Terms that have only one meaning in a particular field of science and technology: hard disk, hardware, software.

It should be noted that, unfortunately, the least developed of all scientific and technical areas is the Russian professional language in the field of information technology. If you compare the professional language of machine builders, you can make sure that they find an adequate translation of almost any term and therefore, for example, they translate the word horse as "рама", not "хорс", and fly is translated as "маховик", not as "флай", file for them "напильник", not "файл" and nut – not "нат", but "гайка". Perhaps because of the economy of language effort, programmers can easily say "респонс" instead of the word "response", instead of "implement" they can say заинжектить (zainzhektit’ from inject). As the authors of the textbook "Professional English for Computing" rightly note, "this could be reconciled if Russian articles on programming and information technology were not saturated with distorted words, and sometimes untranslated or even untransliterated English. The inability to explain their scientific problems in a clear popular scientific language is especially characteristic of graduate students and junior researchers in the field of information technology. Currently, there is a pronounced tendency to unmotivated use of professional inclusions and layers, primarily by those who do not fully know the system of English and Russian languages. Comprehension of the laws of sentence construction for accurate transmission of thought and understanding by ear requires a long time, large expenditures of intellectual labor and certain abilities" [7, p. 18].

Translation of international terms requires activation of special knowledge in a certain field of science and technology, since they often have equivalents in Russian, for example: scanner – scanner, printer – printer, monitor – monitor, server – server. Special care in translating requires the so-called "false friends of the translator" – terms that are consonant with Russian words, but have a completely different meaning. For example:

data – data, facts, not "date" as this term is often translated.

list – view; list; to load, to list, not "sheet".

Getting acquainted with technical texts, students, as a rule, have difficulties in translating multicomponent terminological combinations (MTS) of words such as domain name server. The core of the MTS is the last word, and all words that are in the preposition to the core act as a definition.

Detailed recommendations on decoding terminological phrases and translating them into Russian are offered by the authors of the textbook "Professional English for Computing " [7].

First of all, to decode MTS, you need to define the left and right borders in the sentence. If there are a number of nouns after an article or demonstrative pronoun within a single sentence, then it is necessary to identify that (the article or pronoun) refers to the last noun, and all words between the article and the last word are definitions for this word (a chain of definitions).

In addition to nouns, the chain of definitions can include gerunds, participles I and II, numerals, infinitive: applied C ++ practical techniques – практические методы применения языка С ++, digital revolution advances – преимущества цифровой революции, service and component based development – разработка компонентов и сервиса, information security risks managing – управление рисками информационной безопасности. As a rule, the connection in such chains of definitions is uncomplicated. Such definition chains include up to 10 components: Network MIB (management information base) and MPLS principles design and implementation – разработка и внедрение принципов управления сетью базовых и усовершенствованных протоколов.

The MTS border on the right can be:

- preposition: software architecture // in practice; proven portals best practice / / for planning; designing;

- participle: enterprise integration patterns / / designing and deploying messaging solutions.

The core can also be placed before the article, the verb-predicate. The left border is also a preposition, article, verb-predicate.

Having defined the boundaries of the MTS, it is necessary to analyze the internal relations between its members. MTS can consist of several semantic subgroups: N + N (allocation unit), N + Ger. (Acrobat forms extending), P + N (computer-aided design).

The boundaries of such semantic subgroups in MTS correspond to a noun in the plural or in the possessive case.

In addition, the signs of a subgroup are the connection of components of subgroups with a hyphen: computer-aided manufacturing; design of components with capital letters: Adoptive Differential Pulse Code Modification (ADPCM).

After the MTS analysis is completed, its boundaries and structure are determined, the translation is performed. It is recommended to start with the core of the entire MTS, from right to left. Correct semantic relationships between components within the MTS subgroup can be established by asking questions: which one? what? what for? [7, p. 21-22].

As a training session, students can translate the following sentences containing MTS.

MS-DOS is operating system software.

The computer has a built-in hard disk.

The camera would transmit images to a nerve-stimulating chip at the back of the eye.

Electronic storage space with an address.

The Internet serves as a global data communication system.

Virtual reality immersion is the perception of being physically present in a non-physical world.

Augmented reality devices are often self-content.

It is said that they all provide for truly immersive experience.

Head-mounted and hand-held controllers allow people to control their lives.

Laser printer is a high resolution output device.

In order to develop the skills of independent translation and memorization of certain fairly common MTS, you can offer the following task:

Make up 12 expressions consisting of three components, combining words from three lists – A, B, C – and find a match with the appropriate phrase. The first example is given.

A	B	C
bulletin	access	example
central	area	exchange
dots	board	inch
dynamic	by	injury
graphical	character	interface
local	data	memory
near	down	menu
optical	letter	network
pull	per	quality
query	processing	recognition
random	strain	system
repetitive	user	unit

Control unit + arithmetic and logic unit + input/output unit

……..central processing unit……….

Pain in the arm felt by someone who performs the same movement many times over, as when operating a computer terminals

Interface between an operating system or program and user

Memory that allows access to any location in any order

Information and message databases accessible by modem and computer link

Set of options that are displayed below the relevant entry on a menu bar

Simple language used to retrieve information from a database management system

Network where various terminals and equipment are all a short distance from one another and can be interconnected by cables

Method by which two active programs can exchange data

Standard method used to describe the resolution capabilities of a page printer or scanner

Process that allows printed or written characters to be recognized optically and converted into machine-readable code that can be input into a computer

Printing by a dot-matrix printer that provides higher quality type, which is almost as good as a typewriter, by decreasing the spaces between dots [10, p. 6].

Due to the rapid pace of entry of new terminology into the IT sphere, industry dictionaries and reference manuals do not have time to be reprinted in order to reflect all the changes that are taking place. Translating terms that are not reflected in dictionaries is certainly a difficult job. Fenenko N. A. in the work "The language of realities and the realities of language" raises the question of whether it is appropriate to consider the problem of the correlation of dictionary correspondences and text equivalents in translation [8, p. 34]. This problem is relevant, because, as rightly emphasizes M. Lederer, "the low quality of translations made with the help of dictionary matches is obvious; however, the reasons why the regular use of matches does not give positive results are difficult to identify" [9, p. 51].

Difficulties associated with the translation of terminological innovations can be overcome with the help of a number of techniques. The translator has the right to suggest his own term, if the word is not found in any of the lexicographic sources, but its meaning is clear from the context or revealed as a result of consultation with a specialist [7, p.23-24]. In this situation, you can use the following methods:

1. Enter a new term:

a) from the words available in the language system, choose the Russian equivalent: scanning – развертка, download – скачивание (the process of copying files from a remote computer server);

b) construct a new term in accordance with the form and constituent content parts of the original, i.e. calculate, i.e.: lawn-mower – газонокосилка, skyscraper – небоскреб, guestbook – гостевая книга.

2. Give a description.

Thus, the term scanning can be translated as «обегание экрана лучом» (running around the screen with a beam), fading – «ослабление сигнала на входе в результате интерференции», (weakening of the signal at the input as a result of interference), firewall – «межсетевой канал на коммутируемом канале связи» (an inter-network channel on a switched communication channel)".

3. Transcribe and transliterate.

When choosing this method, the already familiar term scanning can be translated as сканирование, printer as принтер, pixel as пиксель, and firewall as фаервол. Transliteration differs from transcription in that the first conveys a foreign word according to its spelling, and the second – according to its pronunciation. It should be borne in mind that, despite the ease of this method, it is not the most convenient. First, they require clarification, and second, they clog up the native language. Add to the examples already given above from the speech of programmers, a few more: смерджить (smerdzhit') – ‘unite’ from the English "merge", запушить (zapushit’) – ‘put on the stack’ from the English word "push", закомитить (zakomitit’) – ‘fix’ from the English word "commit". On the other hand, in order to save language effort, it is in the field of computer technology that this method is extremely productive, and sometimes it is impossible to find a replacement for it, for example: spoofing – спуфинг (a method used in routing in intelligent ISDN bridges to increase throughput) or swapping – свопинг (the process of saving data that does not fit in ram to the hard disk). a translation using the description given in the dictionary will be of unambiguously poor quality.

At the same time, I would like to note that the translations regularly presented by the students of the additional professional retraining program do not quite meet the requirements of State Standards for high-quality translation, do not take into account the possibilities of the Russian language and are full of English-language inclusions.

Many people keep in touch using SMS, and a whole culture of 'texting’ has developed from this. The commercial market in SMS's is growing. Many phones even offer Instant Messenger services to increase the simplicity and ease of texting on phones.

Многие люди поддерживают связь с помощью SMS, и из этого сложилась целая культура «texting». Коммерческий рынок SMS-сообщений растет. Многие телефоны даже предлагают услуги Instant Messenger, чтобы увеличить простоту и удобство текстовых сообщений на телефонах.

In this example, the phrase ‘a whole culture of ‘texting’ could be represented as «целая культура текстовых сообщений». Moreover, in the second sentence, the word ‘texting‘ is passed as ‘text message’. The concept of Instant Messenger could also be given an equivalent – an immediate message service [1**, p. 101].

In connection with the above, students may be offered to translate sentences that must be performed using the techniques of translating terms described above.

1. The Internet is a worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that use TCP/IP set of network protocols to reach billions of users.

2. The ‘bold’ attribute is toggled on and off by presenting this function key.

3. The real future of e-commerce is business-to-business or B2B.

4. Computer drawing system which uses line length and direction from an origin to plot lines vector graphics.

5. Spending hours at TMRС (Tech Model Railroad Club) creating better circuitry was called ‘a mere hack’.

6. A daisy wheel printer produces fully formed characters.

7. After receiving medicines on the LCD touch monitor is displaying the special directions of how it looks like and how it is necessary to take it – for example, before or after a meal, or diluted in water.

We believe that the above recommendations and tasks for translating IT-terms will undoubtedly contribute to the development of translation skills of future specialists, help them to navigate more easily in dictionaries and reference manuals, and in the absence of the latest term in them, help them to choose the most appropriate Russian equivalents.

Conclusion.

As a consequence of worldwide globalization and the establishment of international economic relations, being initially English-speaking, the IT-sphere has covered all areas of activity in the Russian-speaking business field. Along with this fact, there was also the problem of translating its terms, the understanding of which should be the same for native speakers of any language working in this field.

The accuracy of translation, which means the success of performing a professional task, largely depends on how adequately the equivalents of terms are found, the abbreviation is disclosed, multicomponent terminological combinations are transferred, or a new term is introduced. The latter task is increasingly faced by professionals who perform translation, since the emergence of new designs and realities in the IT-sphere is a regular phenomenon.

The correct selection and use of fully or partially equivalent units existing in the Russian language, the introduction of new terms and the creation of equivalent texts in the IT-field depends not only on the knowledge and skills, but also on the creative and cognitive abilities of the translator.