Introduction.

The identification and the analysis of linking markemes between the prosaic texts of British writers of the first half of the 20^th century consists of two steps. At the first step, we identified the preferred markeme links between the authors based on maximum value of the Index of Markeme Similarity (IMaS). To do that we compiled the lists of mutual markemes for each pair of authors. Then we calculate the IMaSes as IMaS itself is a quantitative measure of markeme lexis similarity of two authors.

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© Artemova O.G., 2020

The source for linking markemes identification is each author markeme list. Linking markemes are mutual markemes in each pair of authors.

The maximum value of IMaS represents the formation of the preferred markeme link between two authors and characterizes their markeme link power. The maximum value of IMaS could belong either only to one author in the pair or to each of them together. Therefore such links are loaded vector links, i.e. they are oriented and have their own weights. In case when IMaS is the largest only for one author in the pair of authors, there forms one-way link of maximum power (A→B). When IMaS is the largest both for A and B there forms mutually oriented, or mutual, preferred markeme link.

The authors who have such a mutual link represent the Centre of Attraction (CA) and attract some other authors who have direct or indirect links with either of them. Thus, two authors who have a mutual link form 1) the centre of attraction and 2) they represent a zero level Intermediate Centre (IC-0) with respect to each other. IC-0 consists of authors who have direct or indirect one-way links with this particular IC-0. A direct link means that there exists such a one-way link as ‘the author→IC-0’. An indirect link appears only when there is a sequence author₂→author₁→IC-0. In this case author₁, being the closet to the IC-0 forms the IC of the first level (IC-1). When such a sequence is getting longer, each successive author forms his/her own intermediate centre of the following (in ascending order) level – the second, the third and so on.

In case of indirect markeme link, linking markemes are those markemes, which are found in the markeme list of each author of the one-way linked succession. To calculate the total value of each markeme linking power it is necessary to observe the principle of ‘links and weights inheritance’.

Visualizing of the obtained data reveals the existing of two graphs in 20-1 formed by CA-1 Conan Doyle – Christie (detective and adventurous) and by CA-2 Woolf – Galsworthy (social and psychological). The stratification of the linking markemes results in identification of linking markemes core and linking markemes periphery [1]. Step 2 implies the analysis of each CA linking markemes and the identification of their markeme specificity.

Methodology of the research.

The study subject is available in digital form texts of 16 English writers of the first half of the 20^th century. The works of Arnold Bennett (Bnt), Virginia Woolf (Wlf), John Galsworthy (Gwth), Jerome K. Jerome (KJm), Rudyard Kipling (Kpl), Arthur Conan Doyle (CDl), Joseph Conrad (Crd), Agatha Christie (Chr), D.H. Lawrence (Lrn), W. Somerset Maugham (Mghm), George Orwell (Orw), H.G. Wells (Wls), Jeffery Farnol (Frn), Henry Rider Haggard (Hgd), Aldous Huxley (Hxl), G.K. Chesterton (Chst) were chosen for this analysis (contracted notations of the authors that we use in this paper are given in brackets). The texts for the analysis are taken from the collection in Project “Gutenberg” [1*]. The total number of words is 36 676 450.

The study object is preferred (the most powerful) markeme links in literary texts of British prosaic writers of the first half of the 20^th century (henceforward 20-1).

The use of the method of markeme analysis [2, 3] as a tool for formalized semantic analysis of a literary text is a basic method of markemology, which is one of the developing DH linguistic prospects. The method of markeme analysis aims at extraction and study markemes, which are treated as a special kind of key words. Markemes belong to the group of thematically marked lexis. To extract thematically marked lexis from a single text or text collections (hypertext) it is necessary to calculate the index of textual markedness (InTeM) for each word they contain [4, 5]. Those words whose InTeM is positive form the group of thematically marked lexis [6]. English lexis analysis manipulation program "ProTemAL-Engl" (producer – A.S. Guselnikova, project manager – I.E. Voronina, D.Sc. (Engineering), research advisor – D.Sc. (Philology)) performs data processing and the calculation of InTeM [7, 8].

The extraction and analysis of linking markemes provide establishing preferred markeme links between British prosaic writers of the first half of the 20^th century. When identifying linking markemes only mutual markemes for each pair of authors are considered. The source of mutual markemes is each author markeme list.

Then we should calculate Index of Markeme Similarity (IMaS) for mutual markems in each pair of the authors. IMaS is a quantitative parameter that makes possible determining the level of two authors’ markeme vocabulary similarity. The algorithm of IMaS calculation in pairs of the writers of 20-1 is described in the first part of the present paper [9]. Further study is based on the analysis of those markeme links in which IMaS is the largest for only one or both authors of the pair compared with the value of IMaS in pairs they form with all the rest authors of 20-1.

Results of the research.

Based on the preferred markeme links between the authors of 20-1, we drew two graphs: CA-1 Conan Doyle – Christie and by CA-2 Woolf – Galsworthy.

Figure 2. Graph of preferred links between the authors of 20-1

CA-1 Conan Doyle-Christie includes the representatives of detective and adventurous literature among whom there are no mutual markeme links of the maximum power – Haggard, Kipling, Conrad, Farnol, J. K. Jerome. The link Haggard→Conan Doyle includes 27 markemes. We call 22 markemes, which are present in the links J. K. Jerome→Haggard→Conan Doyle and Farnol→Haggard→Conan Doyle as passing through markemes. The rest 5 markemes are present only in the link Haggard→Conan Doyle. Therefore, we call them outgoing markemes. Besides there is one more one-way link Conrad→Conan Doyle. So all these authors are linked with 29 passing through markemes and 4 outgoing markemes. They are Conan Doyle’s linking markemes and they constitute the link Conan Doyle→Christie. Table 1 presents the list of Conan Doyle’s linking markemes and contains the data on the number of links and integral linking weight (InLW) of markemes.

Table 1. The list of Conan Doyle’s linking markemes

Number of links	markemes	InLW	Number of links	markemes	InLW	Number of links	markemes	InLW
5	RESPONSIBILITY	0,8110	5	INDIGNATION	0,4468	2	SUPERSTITION	0,0738
5	DISAPPOINTMENT	0,7449	5	EXPERIENCE	0,4124	2	APPRECIATION	0,0712
5	UNDERSTANDING	0,7438	4	INTELLIGENCE	0,3968	2	COMPREHENSION	0,0700
5	DETERMINATION	0,6887	4	IMPRESSION	0,2539	2	SIGNIFICANCE	0,0695
5	CONSIDERATION	0,6829	4	EXCITEMENT	0,2448	2	IMPORTANCE	0,0642
5	ASTONISHMENT	0,6771	3	POSSIBILITY	0,1495	1	CONCENTRATION	0,0224
5	SATISFACTION	0,6734	3	OBSERVATION	0,1448	1	BEWILDERMENT	0,0195
5	CONSCIOUSNESS	0,5744	3	CONFIDENCE	0,1435	1	RECONSTRUCTION	0,0188
5	OPPORTUNITY	0,5513	2	MISUNDERSTANDING	0,1148	1	EMBARRASSMENT	0,0167
5	IMAGINATION	0,5270	2	SELF-PRESERVATION	0,1048
5	DIFFICULT(Y/IES)	0,4492	2	CONSTERNATION	0,0771

To stratify linking markemes into core and peripheral ones we use the mean InLW. The further stratification of core and peripheral markemes enables to divide core markemes into small core markemes and large core markemes and peripheral markemes – into small periphery markemes and large periphery markemes. Both the small core and the large core include 7 markemes each: the small core – responsibility, disappointment, understanding, determination, consideration, astonishment, satisfaction; the large core – consciousness, opportunity, imagination, difficult(y/ies), indignation, experience, intelligence. Core markemes form mainly 5 links (while determining the number of links we take into account both direct and indirect markeme links of Conan Doyle). Only one core markeme intelligence forms four links. As for periphery markemes, small periphery includes 7 markemes – impression (4), excitement (4), possibility (3), observation (3), confidence (3), misunderstanding (2), self-preservation (2) (the number of links is given in brackets). Large periphery contains 10 markemes – consternation (2), superstition (2), appreciation (2), comprehension (2), significance (2), importance (2), concentration (1), bewilderment (1), reconstruction (1), embarrassment (1). Thus, the linking markemes stratification shows that among Conan Doyle’s linking markemes peripheral markemes slightly prevail over core ones. The number of small core markemes equals the number of large core markemes whereas the number of large periphery markemes is considerably larger than the number of small periphery markemes: small periphery – 41%, large periphery – 59%.

Markeme links Christie→Conan Doyle and Kipling→Christie form IC-0_Chr. These markeme links include 31 markemes: passing through markemes – 15, outgoing markemes – 16.

Table 2 presents the list of IC-0_Chr’s linking markemes and contains the data on the number of links and integral linking weight (InLW) of markemes.

Table 2. The list of Christie’s linking markemes

Number of links	markemes	InLW	Number of links	markemes	InLW	Number of links	markemes	InLW
2	RESPONSIBILITY	0,1625	2	INTELLIGENCE	0,0706	1	APPRECIATION	0,0221
2	CONSIDERATION	0,1515	2	EXCITEMENT	0,0690	1	RECONSTRUCTION	0,0197
2	MISUNDERSTANDING	0,1314	2	CONFIDENCE	0,0683	1	SELF-PRESERVATION	0,0177
2	UNDERSTANDING	0,1289	2	IMPORTANCE	0,0627	1	BEWILDERMENT	0,0163
2	COMPREHENSION	0,1128	1	DISAPPOINTMENT	0,0375	1	OBSERVATION	0,0154
2	SATISFACTION	0,0939	1	DETERMINATION	0,0296	1	INDIGNATION	0,0146
2	SIGNIFICANCE	0,0893	1	EMBARRASSMENT	0,0285	1	CONSTERNATION	0,0142
2	EXPERIENCE	0,0893	1	CONSCIOUSNESS	0,0277	1	SUPERSTITION	0,0133
2	DIFFICULT(Y/IES)	0,0820	1	ASTONISHMENT	0,0272	1	CONCENTRATION	0,0128
2	IMAGINATION	0,0793	1	POSSIBILITY	0,0247
2	IMPRESSION	0,0747	1	OPPORTUNITY	0,0239

Based on mean InLW we distinguish 15 core and 16 peripheral markemes. All the passing through markemes constitute the linking core. The separate stratification of core and peripheral markemes demonstrates quantitatively non-uniform distribution of core markemes. Five markemes – responsibility, consideration, misunderstanding, understanding, comprehension – comprise the small core. The rest 10 markemes – satisfaction, significance, experience, difficult(y/ies), imagination, impression, intelligence, excitement, confidence, importance – constitute the large core. Hence, the percent of small core markemes is 33% of the total core markemes number. The distribution of peripheral markemes is quite different: small periphery – 8 markemes, large periphery – 8 markemes. Peripheral markemes are all the Christie’s outgoing markemes: small periphery – disappointment, determination, embarrassment, consciousness, astonishment, possibility, opportunity, appreciation; large periphery – reconstruction, self-preservation, bewilderment, observation, indignation, consternation, superstition, concentration.

Thus, the stratification of linking markemes in both ICs-0 demonstrates the uniform distribution of core markemes and non-uniform distribution of peripheral markemes in IC-0_CDl and uniform distribution of peripheral markemes and non-uniform distribution of core markemes in IC-0_Chr.

Let’s compare IC-0_CDl and IC-0_Chr to establish their internal markeme specificity. We use the difference of markemes InLW for each of the IC-0 as a tool for establishing their internal markeme specificity. The positive difference means that the markeme is specific for IC-0_CDl while the negative difference means that the markeme is specific for IC-0_Chr (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Markeme specificity of IC-0_CDl and IC-0_Chr

We use mean amount of each IC-0 markemes InLW difference to extract Conan Doyle’s markeme core (core 1) and Christie’s markeme core (core 2). Core 1 consists of 14 markemes: small core – 9 markemes, large core – 5 markemes. Small core markemes are disappointment, determination, astonishment, responsibility, understanding, satisfaction, consciousness, consideration, opportunity; large core markemes are imagination, indignation, difficult(y/ies), intelligence, experience. Core 1 markemes are common markemes of both IC-0_CDl and IC-0_Chr but their InLW in IC-0_CDl is minimum 4.6 (experience) and maximum 19.9 (disappointment) times as high as in IC-0_Chr. Core 2 consists of 2 markemes: comprehension (small core) and significance (large core). Three more Christie’s markemes make up small (misunderstanding, embarrassment) and large (reconstruction) periphery. In spite of the fact that their InLW difference is rather small, there are two reasons for considering misunderstanding and embarrassment as IC-0_Chr specific markemes: 1) their InLW difference in absolute value is higher than 0.012 and 2) their ranks in IC-0_Chr is higher than in IC-0_CDl. As InLW difference in absolute value of markemes reconstruction, concentration, bewilderment, importance is less than 0.012 we consider them as nominally equivalent and able to specify neither IC-0_CDl nor IC-0_Chr. Thus, such core 1 markemes as disappointment, determination, astonishment, responsibility, understanding, satisfaction, consciousness, consideration, opportunity, imagination, indignation, difficult(y/ies), intelligence, experience and such Conan Doyle’s peripheral markemes as disappointment, determination, astonishment, responsibility, understanding, satisfaction, consciousness, consideration, opportunity, imagination, indignation, difficult(y/ies), intelligence, experience, confidence, consternation, superstition, appreciation specify IC-0_CDL because their InLW difference lies in the range [0.049-0.071]. The following core 2 markemes as comprehension, significance and peripheral markemes embarrassment, misunderstanding specify IC-0_Chr. Their InLW difference lies in the range 0.012 – 0.043.

The total InLW of IC-0_CDl and IC-0_Chr allows internal markeme specification of CA-1 Conan Doyle-Christie. Table 3 contains the list of all the linking markemes of Conan Doyle and Christie.

Table 3. The list of Conan Doyle and Christie’s linking markemes

markemes	СDl-Chr	markemes	СDl-Chr	markemes	СDl-Chr
DISAPPOINTMENT	0,7074	DIFFICULT(Y/IES)	0,3672	APPRECIATION	0,0491
DETERMINATION	0,6591	INTELLIGENCE	0,3262	CONCENTRATION	0,0096
ASTONISHMENT	0,6498	EXPERIENCE	0,3231	BEWILDERMENT	0,0033
RESPONSIBILITY	0,6485	IMPRESSION	0,1792	IMPORTANCE	0,0016
UNDERSTANDING	0,6150	EXCITEMENT	0,1758	RECONSTRUCTION	-0,0010
SATISFACTION	0,5795	OBSERVATION	0,1294	EMBARRASSMENT	-0,0119
CONSCIOUSNESS	0,5467	POSSIBILITY	0,1247	MISUNDERSTANDING	-0,0166
CONSIDERATION	0,5315	SELF-PRESERVATION	0,0871	SIGNIFICANCE	-0,0198
OPPORTUNITY	0,5274	CONFIDENCE	0,0752	COMPREHENSION	-0,0428
IMAGINATION	0,4476	CONSTERNATION	0,0629
INDIGNATION	0,4322	SUPERSTITION	0,0604

CA-1 markeme core consists of 14 markemes. Markemes responsibility, understanding, consideration, disappointment, satisfaction, determination, astonishment comprise the small core (7) and markemes imagination, consciousness, opportunity, difficult(y/ies), experience, intelligence, indignation comprise the large core. As for the peripheral markemes the quantity of the large periphery markemes is slightly bigger than the quantity of the small periphery markemes. The list of the peripheral markemes includes 8 small periphery markemes such as impression, excitement, misunderstanding, confidence, comprehension, possibility, observation, significance and 9 large periphery markemes such as importance, self-preservation, appreciation, consternation, superstition, embarrassment, reconstruction, bewilderment, concentration.

Hence, 14 IC-0_CDl core markemes and 8 IC-0_Chr core markemes make up CA-1 core markemes. The dominant markeme of CA-1 is responsibility and its vice-dominant markeme is understanding. CA-1 small core fully coincides with IC-0_CDl small core. Responsibility, understanding, consideration are the mutual markemes of the two IC-0. All the rest markemes of CA-1 small core are also the markemes of IC-0_Chr large core (satisfaction) and its small periphery (disappointment, determination, astonishment). The large core markemes of IC-0_CDl are the markemes of the large core of ICA-1 as well. As for IC-0_Chr small periphery markemes consciousness and opportunity, and its large periphery markeme indignation, they all become the markemes of the large core in CA-1. Two more markemes of CA-1 small periphery comprehension and significance are the core markems in IC-0_Chr and the large periphery markemes in IC-0_CDl. Along with comprehension, the markeme misunderstanding is a markeme of the small core in IC-0_Chr whereas markemes significance, impression, excitement and confidence are the markemes of its large core. Observation is the only Christie’s markeme, which raises its status in CA-1 and becomes CA-1 small periphery markeme. On the contrary, both IC-0_Chr large core markeme importance and IC-0_Chr small periphery markemes appreciation and embarrassment become the markemes of the large periphery in CA-1. So, in CA-1 mainly IC-0_Chr markemes changed their statuses from core markemes into peripheral ones and vice versa.

In spite the fact that two writers form a centre of attraction, their contribution to its markeme power is different. The exception could represent such centres of attraction whose linking figures have no other markeme links but the mutual one. Two mutually dependent factors determine each author contribution to the markeme power of the CA. They are 1) the number of direct and indirect links he has and 2) the value of total integral linking weight of each IC-0 markemes. The author whose contribution to the markeme power of the centre of attraction is greater we call a leading author of the centre of attraction. In this way, the second author gets the name of next to a leader author of the centre of attraction. As IC-0_CDl has four one-way links two of which are direct links (Conrad→Conan Doyle and Haggard→Conan Doyle) and two more links are indirect ones (J. K Jerome→Haggard, Farnol→Haggard) intermediated by Haggard, their total InLW is 10.04. In IC-0_Chr there is one one-way link Kipling→Christie, therefore its total InLW is 1.81. Thus, the total markeme power of CA-1 Conan Doyle-Christie equals 11.85. So, the contribution of IC-0_СDl into CA-1 markeme power is 84.7% and the contribution of IC-0_Chr is 15.3%. In view of this, Conan Doyle is a leading author of CA-1 and Christie is next to a leading author of this CA-1.

CA-2 includes representatives of ‘serious’ and politicized literature who coalesce around Woolf and Galsworthy – Bennet, Huxley, Lawrence, Orwell, Maugham, Chesterton and Wells. Being linking figures of CA-2 Woolf and Galsworthy form IC-0_Wlf and IC-0_Glw in reference to each other.

IC-0_Wlf includes IC-1 Orwell, which intermediates links of Wells and Chesterton with Woolf. In IC-1 Orwell there are 21 passing through markemes (one-way markeme links Chesterton→Orwell→Woolf and Wells→Orwell→Woolf) and 5 outgoing markemes (markeme link Orwell→Woolf). So, the principle of ‘inheriting the links and their weight’ being taken into account, markeme link Orwell→Woolf includes 26 linking markemes. Besides, there is a one-way link Lawrence→Woolf in IC-0_Wlf. The linking markemes of IC-0_Wlf are 21 passing through markemes and 7 outgoing ones. Table 4 presents the list of linking markemes and the data on their InLW and the number of links.

Table 4. The list of Woolf’s linking markemes

Number of links	markemes	InLW	Number of links	markemes	InLW	Number of links	markemes	InLW
5	RESPONSIBILITY	0,7693	5	INDEPENDENCE	0,4326	3	OPPORTUNITY	0,1480
5	CONSCIOUSNESS	0,7211	5	SIGNIFICANCE	0,4315	1	DETERMINATION	0,0266
5	DISAPPOINTMENT	0,6906	4	IRRESPONSIBILITY	0,4172	1	CONTEMPLATION	0,0198
5	UNDERSTANDING	0,6758	4	DISILLUSIONMENT	0,3923	1	SELF-PRESERVATION	0,0172
5	UNCONSCIOUSNESS	0,6098	4	CONCENTRATION	0,3641	1	PERSONALITY	0,0150
5	CIVILI(S/Z)ATION	0,5928	4	RELATIONSHIP	0,3255	1	RECOLLECTION	0,0139
5	CONSIDERATION	0,5546	4	INDIFFERENCE	0,3154	1	EXTRAVAGANCE	0,0132
5	INTELLIGENCE	0,5000	4	RESPECTABILITY	0,3059	1	EMBARRASSMENT	0,0129
5	SATISFACTION	0,4936	4	DIFFICULT(Y/IES)	0,2939
5	IMAGINATION	0,4355	2	SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS	0,2176

Their markeme stratification results in extracting 15 core markemes and 13 peripheral ones. The small core includes 7 markemes. They are responsibility, consciousness, disappointment, understanding, unconsciousness, civili(s/z)ation. consideration. The large core includes 8 markemes. They are intelligence, satisfaction, imagination, independence, significance, irresponsibility, disillusionment, concentration. All core markemes but irresponsibility, disillusionment, concentration provide 5 links. Irresponsibility, disillusionment, concentration provide 4 links. The small periphery (6) includes such markemes as relationship (4), indifference (4), respectability (4), difficult(y/ies) (4), self-consciousness (2), opportunity (3). The large periphery (7) consists of determination, contemplation, self-preservation, personality, recollection, extravagance, embarrassment. They represent the outgoing link Woolf→Galsworthy. Thus, the distribution of IC-0_Wlf linking markemes demonstrates the prevailing of core markemes over peripheral ones. The core markemes percentage is 53.6% the total number of linking markemes. The distribution of core markemes demonstrates the higher percentage of the large core markemes: the small core – 46,7%, the large core – 53.8%.

Markeme links from IC-1 Maugham→Galsworthy and Galsworthy→Woolf form IC-0_Glw. Among Maugham’s markemes there are 21 passing through markemes (markeme links Bennet→Maugham→Galsworthy and Huxley→Maugham→Galsworthy) and 4 outgoing markemes (markeme link Maugham→Galsworthy). All these markeme links are provided with 28 markemes: passing through markemes – 20, outgoing markemes – 8. Table 5 presents the list of linking markemes and the data on their InLW and the number of links.

Table 5. The list of Galsworthy’s linking markemes

Number of links	markemes	InLW	Number of links	markemes	InLW	Number of links	markemes	InLW
4	SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS	0,5942	4	DIFFICULT(Y/IES)	0,2788	1	UNCONSCIOUSNESS	0,0248
4	RESPONSIBILITY	0,4471	4	INDIFFERENCE	0,2768	1	CONTEMPLATION	0,0214
4	CONSCIOUSNESS	0,4087	4	IMAGINATION	0,2740	1	IRRESPONSIBILITY	0,0187
4	DISAPPOINTMENT	0,4063	4	OPPORTUNITY	0,2651	1	INDEPENDENCE	0,0186
4	UNDERSTANDING	0,3554	3	RESPECTABILITY	0,2168	1	EXTRAVAGANCE	0,0148
4	SATISFACTION	0,3504	3	SELF-PRESERVATION	0,2058	1	RELATIONSHIP	0,0148
4	CONSIDERATION	0,3413	3	EMBARRASSMENT	0,1971	1	PERSONALITY	0,0143
4	DETERMINATION	0,3340	3	CIVILI(S/Z)ATION	0,1830	1	CONCENTRATION	0,0142
4	SIGNIFICANCE	0,3144	2	DISILLUSIONMENT	0,0991
4	INTELLIGENCE	0,2935	2	RECOLLECTION	0,0721

Their markeme stratification based on arithmetic mean value of InLW results in extracting 15 core markemes and 13 peripheral ones. The small core includes 6 markemes. They are self-consciousness, responsibility, consciousness, disappointment, understanding, satisfaction. The large core includes 9 markemes. They are consideration, determination, significance, intelligence, difficult(y/ies), indifference, imagination, opportunity, respectability. Hence, the percentage of the small core markemes is 40% the number of core markemes. The distribution of the peripheral markemes is much the same: the small periphery contains 5 markemes (38%), the large periphery contains 8 markemes. All the passing through markemes form the small periphery, all the outgoing markemes form the large periphery. The small periphery (5) includes such markemes as self-preservation, embarrassment, civili(s/z)ation, disillusionment, recollection. The large periphery (8) consists of unconsciousness, contemplation, irresponsibility, independence, extravagance, relationship, personality, concentration. Thus, the distribution of linking markemes in IC-0_Glw and IC-0_Wlf demonstrates the prevailing of core markemes over peripheral ones. The core markemes percentage is 53.6% the total number of linking markemes. Let us compare IC-0_Glw and IC-0_Wlf to determine their markeme specificity (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Markeme specificity of IC-0_Glw and IC-0_Wlf

The markeme stratification based on arithmetic mean value of InLW results in extracting 11 core markemes in Woolf’s core 1. The small core includes unconsciousness, independence, civili(s/z)ation, irresponsibility. The large core includes concentration, responsibility, understanding, consciousness, relationship, disillusionment, disappointment. The InLW values of these markemes in IC-0_Wlf is minimum 17 (disappointment) and maximum 24.6 (unconsciousness) times larger than they are in IC-0_Glw. Galsworthy’s core 2 includes 4 markemes. The small core includes self-consciousness, determination and the large core includes self-preservation, embarrassment. The distribution of the peripheral markemes is much the same: the small and large peripheries contain 2 markemes each. The small periphery includes such markemes as opportunity, recollection. The large periphery consists of extravagance, contemplation. The InLW values of these markemes in IC-0_Glw is minimum 1.08 (contemplation) and maximum 2.7 (self-consciousness) times larger than they are in IC-0_Wlf. Arithmetic mean value being below 0.134, the markemes significance, respectability, indifference, difficult(y/ies), personality, contemplation, extravagance, recollection, opportunity are relatively equivalent and do not specify either IC-0_Wlf or IC-0_Glw. Hence, core 1 markemes listed above and the following small periphery markemes as consideration, intelligence, imagination, satisfaction specify IC-0_Wlf. Core 2 markemes self-consciousness, determination, self-preservation, embarrassment specify IC-0_Glw.

Markeme specificity of CA-2 Woolf-Galsworthy depends on the total InLW of the both IC-0 mutual markemes. Table 6 contains the list of all the linking markemes of Woolf and Galsworthy.

Table 6. The list of Woolf and Galsworthy’s linking markemes

markemes	Wlf-Glw	markemes	Wlf-Glw	markemes	Wlf-Glw
UNCONSCIOUSNESS	0,5850	DISAPPOINTMENT	0,2843	CONTEMPLATION	-0,0016
INDEPENDENCE	0,4140	CONSIDERATION	0,2133	EXTRAVAGANCE	-0,0016
CIVILI(S/Z)ATION	0,4097	INTELLIGENCE	0,2065	RECOLLECTION	-0,0582
IRRESPONSIBILITY	0,3984	IMAGINATION	0,1616	OPPORTUNITY	-0,1171
CONCENTRATION	0,3499	SATISFACTION	0,1432	EMBARRASSMENT	-0,1842
RESPONSIBILITY	0,3223	SIGNIFICANCE	0,1170	SELF-PRESERVATION	-0,1886
UNDERSTANDING	0,3205	RESPECTABILITY	0,0890	DETERMINATION	-0,3075
CONSCIOUSNESS	0,3124	INDIFFERENCE	0,0386	SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS	-0,3766
RELATIONSHIP	0,3107	DIFFICULT(Y/IES)	0,0152
DISILLUSIONMENT	0,2932	PERSONALITY	0,0007

There are 14 core and 14 peripheral markemes in CA-2 Woolf-Galsworthy. The small core (5) consists of responsibility, consciousness, disappointment, understanding, consideration. The large core (9) consists of satisfaction, self-consciousness, intelligence, civili(s/z)ation, significance, imagination, unconsciousness, indifference, difficult(y/ies). The small periphery markemes slightly prevail over the large periphery ones. The small periphery (8) includes respectability, disillusionment, independence, irresponsibility, opportunity, concentration, determination, relationship. The large periphery (6) includes self-preservation, embarrassment, recollection, contemplation, personality, extravagance.

Hence, 11 IC-0_Wlf core markemes and 12 IC-0_Glw core markemes make up CA-2 core markemes. The dominant markeme of CA-2 is responsibility and its vice-dominant markeme is consciousness. CA-2 small core fully coincides with IC-0_Wlf small core. There is no consideration among IC-0_Glw small core markemes. The large core consists of both IC-0_Wlf and IC-0_Glw large core markemes. Such small periphery markemes of IC-0_Wlf as self-consciousness, indifference and difficult(y/ies) have become the large core markemes of CA-2. A small periphery markeme of IC-0_Glw civili(s/z)ation and its large periphery markeme unconsciousness have also become CA-2 large periphery markemes. Some large core markemes of the both IC-0 have become CA-2 small periphery markemes. As for IC-0_Wlf, those large core markemes are disillusionment, independence, irresponsibility, concentration. In IC-0_Glw three of them – independence, irresponsibility, concentration – are large periphery markemes and disillusionment is a small periphery markeme. Three IC-0_Glw large core markemes respectability, opportunity, determination have become CA-2 small periphery markemes. In IC-0_Wlf they represent a small (respectability, opportunity) and a large (determination) periphery. Among CA-2 large periphery markemes one can find IC-0_Glw small periphery markemes self-preservation, embarrassment, recollection. So, in CA-2 markemes of the two IC-0 changed their statuses from core markemes into peripheral ones and vice versa. In IC-0_Wlf 2 small core markemes, 4 large core markemes, 3 small periphery markemes and 1 large periphery markeme have changed their statuses. In IC-0_Glw 15 markemes have changed their statuses: 2 small core markemes, 4 large core markemes, 4 small periphery markemes, 5 large periphery markemes.

As IC-0_Wlf has four one-way links two of which are direct links (Lawrence→Woolf and Orwell→Woolf) and two more links are indirect ones (Chesterton→Orwell, Wells→Orwell) intermediated by Orwell, their total InLW is 9.81. In IC-0_Glw there is one direct link Maugham→Galsworthy and two indirect links Bennet→Maugham and Huxley→Maugham intermediated by Maugham, therefore its total InLW is 6.06. Thus, the total markeme power of CA-2 Woolf-Galsworthy equals 15.87. So, the contribution of IC-0_Wlf into CA-2 markeme power is 61.8% and the contribution of IC-0_Glw is 38.2%. In view of this, Woolf is a leading author of CA-2 and Galsworthy is next to a leading author of this CA-2.

Markemes InLW difference specifies external specificity of each centre of attraction. In this case, the positive difference specifies CA-1 Conan Doyle-Christie and the negative one specifies CA-2 Woolf-Galsworthy. The positive difference of InLW belongs to astonishment, experience, indignation, determination, impression, excitement, misunderstanding, confidence, comprehension, possibility, opportunity, observation, importance, appreciation, consternation, superstition, reconstruction, bewilderment. These markemes specifies CA-1 Conan Doyle-Christie. The negative difference of InLW, which specifies CA-2 Wool-Galsworthy, belongs to self-consciousness, civilization, unconsciousness, indifference, significance, consciousness, respectability, disillusionment, independence, irresponsibility, concentration, relationship, intelligence, disappointment, responsibility, embarrassment, understanding, imagination, self-preservation, recollection, satisfaction, consideration, difficult(y/ies), contemplation, personality, extravagance.

In spite the fact that there is no direct markeme link of maximum power between the centres of attraction, some linking markemes provide the link between them. These markemes are concentration, consciousness, consideration, determination, difficult(y/ies), disappointment, embarrassment, imagination, intelligence, opportunity, responsibility, satisfaction, self-preservation, significance, understanding. They are distributed in the following way: CA-1 – core – 11 markemes, 6 of them belong to a small core, periphery – 4 markemes, one of them belongs to a small periphery; CA-2 – core – 10 markemes, 5 of them belong to a small core, periphery – 5, 3 of them belong to a small periphery.

Conclusion.

The study results in the following:

In 20-1, there distinguished two graphs: ‘detective and adventurous’ with the centre of attraction ‘A. Conan Doyle – A. Christie’ and ‘social and psychological’ with the centre of attraction ‘V. Woolf – J. Galsworthy’.

Twelve one-way links and four mutually oriented ones link all the writers.

A maximum number of markemes – 31 – establishes mutually oriented link Conan Doyle – Christie. The minimum number of markemes – 20 – quantifies the one-way link Kipling – Christie.

Ranking of linking markemes according to the number of links distinguished markemes, which provide core and peripheral links. Thirty markemes serve all core links among which 12 markemes constitute the small core. The small core markemes serve 11 and more links. Fifty-three markemes serve peripheral links. The small periphery includes 18 markemes, which form 3-5 links. The large periphery includes 34 markemes, which serve 1-2 links.

Markemes consideration, imagination, responsibility, satisfaction, understanding, consciousness, difficult(y/ies), disappointment, intelligence, opportunity, significance, determination, civili(s/z)ation, experience, ­astonishment, independence, indifference, respectability, concentration, excitement, impression, indignation, misunderstanding, recollection, self-consciousness, self-preservation, disillusionment, embarrassment, possibility, unconsciousness provide core links.

Nineteen markemes ranked according to InLWeight constitute the core and 63 markemes are peripheral one. Core markemes are responsibility, understanding, consideration, disappointment, satisfaction, consciousness, imagination, intelligence, difficult(y/ies), opportunity, significance, determination, civili(s/z)ation, self-consciousness, misunderstanding, ­astonishment, experience, respectability, indifference.

The markeme power of the centres of attraction is 90.4.

CA-1 Conan-Doyle-Christie linking core constitutes small core markemes responsibility, understanding, consideration, disappointment, satisfaction, determination, astonishment and large core markemes imagination, consciousness, opportunity, difficult(y/ies), experience, intelligence, indignation.

Four authors have markeme links with Conan Doyle and one author has a markeme link with Christie.

In the pair Conan Doyle-Christie Conan Doyle possesses the maximum power of attraction. InLW of Conan Doyle’s markemes is 5.5 times as high as InLW of Christie’s markemes.

Disappointment, determination, astonishment, responsibility, understanding, satisfaction, consciousness, consideration, opportunity, imagination, indignation, difficult(y/ies), intelligence, experience, impression, excitement, observation, possibility, self-preservation, confidence, consternation, superstition, appreciation represent IC-0_CDl internal specificity.

Comprehension, significance, embarrassment, misunderstanding represent IC-0_Chr internal specificity.

Fourteen core and 17 peripheral markemes represent the specificity of CA-1 Conan Doyle-Christie. Its core markemes are responsibility, understanding, consideration, disappointment, satisfaction, determination, astonishment, imagination, consciousness, opportunity, difficult(y/ies), experience, intelligence, indignation and its peripheral markemes are impression, excitement, misunderstanding, confidence, comprehension, possibility, observation, significance, importance, self-preservation, appreciation, consternation, superstition, embarrassment, reconstruction, bewilderment, concentration.

The dominant markeme of CA-1 Conan Doyle-Christie is responsibility. Its vice-dominant markeme is understanding.

Both small core markemes responsibility, consciousness, disappointment, understanding, consideration and large core markemes satisfaction, self-consciousness, intelligence, civili(s/z)ation, significance, imagination, unconsciousness, indifference, difficult(y/ies) constitute the linking core of CA-2 Woolf-Galsworthy.

Four authors have their markeme links with Woolf and three authors have their markeme links with Galsworthy.

In the pair Woolf-Galsworthy Woolf possesses the maximum power of attraction. InLW of Woolf’s markemes is 1.6 times as high as InLW of Galsworthy’s markemes.

Unconsciousness, independence, civili(s/z)ation, irresponsibility, concentration, responsibility, understanding, consciousness, relationship, disillusionment, disappointment, consideration, intelligence, imagination, satisfaction represent the internal specificity of IC-0_Wlf.

Self-consciousness, determination, self-preservation, embarrassment represent the internal specificity of IC-0_Glw.

Fourteen core and 14 peripheral markemes represent the specificity of CA-2 Woolf-Galsworthy. Its core markemes are responsibility, consciousness, disappointment, understanding, consideration, satisfaction, self-consciousness, intelligence, civili(s/z)ation, significance, imagination, unconsciousness, indifference, difficult(y/ies) and its peripheral markemes are respectability, disillusionment, independence, irresponsibility, opportunity, concentration, determination, relationship, self-preservation, embarrassment, recollection, contemplation, personality, extravagance.

The dominant markeme of CA-2 Woolf-Galsworthy is responsibility. Its vice-dominant markeme is consciousness.

Responsibility is the dominant markeme of 20-1. It is also the dominant markeme of the two IC-0.

Astonishment, experience, indignation, determination, impression, excitement, misunderstanding, confidence, comprehension, possibility, opportunity, observation, importance, appreciation, consternation, superstition, reconstruction, bewilderment specify CA-1 Conan Doyle-Christie.

Self-consciousness, civilization, unconsciousness, indifference, significance, consciousness, respectability, disillusionment, independence, irresponsibility, concentration, relationship, intelligence, disappointment, responsibility, embarrassment, understanding, imagination, self-preservation, recollection, satisfaction, consideration, difficult(y/ies), contemplation, personality, extravagance specify CA-2 Woolf-Galsworthy.

Concentration, consciousness, consideration, determination, difficult(y/ies), disappointment, embarrassment, imagination, intelligence, opportunity, responsibility, satisfaction, self-preservation, significance, understanding provide markeme links between CA-1 Conan Doyle-Christie and CA-2 Woolf-Galsworthy.