Blood vessels

artery	артерия
arteriole	артериола, мелкая артерия
vein	вена
venule	венула, мелкая вена
capillary	капилляр

Arteries

aorta	аорта
abdominal aorta	брюшная аорта, вентральная аорта
brachial artery	плечевая артерия
carotid artery	сонная артерия
femoral artery	бедренная артерия
pulmonary artery	легочная артерия
radial artery	лучевая артерия
subclavian artery	подключичная артерия
axillary artery	подмышечная артерия
ulnar artery	локтевая артерия
common iliac artery	подвздошная общая артерия

Veins

anterior tibial veins	передние большеберцовые вены
brachial vein	плечевая и головная вены
cephalic vein	головная вена
common iliac vein	подвздошная общая вена
great saphenous vein	подкожная большая вена ноги
inferior vena cava	нижняя полая вена
superior vena cava	верхняя полая вена
jugular vein	яремная вена
pulmonary vein	легочная вена

The cardiovascular (CV) system is composed of the heart, which is essentially a muscular pump, and an extensive network of tubes called blood vessels. The main purpose of the CV system, also called circulatory system, is to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and other essential substances to the cells of the body and to remove the waste products of cellular metabolism. Delivery and removal of these substances are achieved by a complex network of blood vessels: the arteries, capillaries, and veins – all of which are connected to the heart. Without a healthy CV system that provides adequate circulation, tissues are deprived of oxygen and nutrients. In addition, waste removal ceases. When this happens, an irreversible change in the cells takes place that may result in a person’s death. The CV system is vital for survival.

Because the lymphatic system does not have a pump, it depends on the pumping action of the heart to circulate its substances. The lymphatic system is composed of lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and lymph fluid. It is responsible for draining fluid from the tissues and returning it to the bloodstream.

Text 1

2. Blood and blood vessels Blood

Blood circulates through the vessels, bringing oxygen and nourishment to all cells and carrying away waste products. The total adult blood volume is about

5 liters. Whole blood can be divided into two main components: the liquid portion, or plasma (55%), and formed elements, or blood cells (45%).

Plasma is about 90% water. The remaining 10% contains nutrients, electrolytes (dissolved salts), gases, albumin (a protein), clotting factors, antibodies, wastes, enzymes, and hormones. A host of these substances are tested for in blood chemistry tests. The blood cells are erythrocytes, or red blood cells; leukocytes, or white blood cells; and platelets, also called thrombocytes. All blood cells are produced in red bone marrow. Some white blood cells multiply in lymphoid tissue as well.