Особливості перекладу підмета

Ex.9. Перекладіть речення на українську/російську мову, звертаючи увагу на переклад підмета..Памятайте, що підмет англійського речення при присудку в пасивному стані може перекладатися на українську мову іменником (займенником) у називному відмінку у всіх непрямих відмінках.

E.g.

The currency will be exchanged after the rate of the day. (Що?..) -

Валюта буде обмінюватися за курсом дня.

He was appointed manager of the department.(Кого?) - Його призначили керівником відділення.

I shall be paid the difference to cover my loss.(Кому?) - Мені оплатять різницю, щоб покрити мої витрати.

1. They were offered the goods at a low price .2.We are paid twice a month. 3. I was offered interesting work. 4. The buyers were granted a credit of six months. 5. They will be given detailed instructions. 6. The goods will be examined tomorrow. 7. He was seen in the office.8. The agent was sent to inform the buyers of the arrival of the steamer.9. The goods were disposed of in a short time. 10. Regular exporters are better advised to arrange insurance through a registered insurance broker. 11. Whisky and other spirits are considered hazardous if they are packed in containers with a capacity of more than five litres.12. Workers are given little responsibility, authority or flexibility. 13. John Maynard began his studies at Cambridge (maths and philosophy) and was encouraged to go into economics.

Часи групи continuous (Active,PassiveVoice)

To be + V4 (ing)

Active voice	Present	Past	Future
	I am reducing prices - Я знижую ціни	I was reducing prices Я знижав ціни	I shall be reducing prices Я буду знижувати ціни
	he she is reducing prices it Він знижує ціни	was reducing prices Він знижував ціни	will be reducing prices Він буде знижувати ціни
	we you are reducing prices they Ми знижуємо ціни	were reducing prices Ми знижували ціни	shall will be reducing will prices Ми будемо знижувати ціни

To be + being + V3
Passive voice	I am being asked questions Мені ставлять запитання	was being asked Мені ставили запитання		-
	he she is being asked questions it Йому ставлять запитання	was being asked questions Йому ставили запитання		-
	We You are being asked They questions Нам ставлять запитання	were being asked Нам ставили запитання

Утворення питальної і заперечної форми

Present Continuous	Past Continuous	Future Continuous
I am working Am I working? I am not working	I was working Was I working? I wasn’t working	I shall be working Shall I be working? I shall not be working

Часи групи Continuous виражають дію, яка триває або незакінчену дію, що відбувається в якийсь момент у теперішньому , минулому і майбутньому часі, а також намір вчинити заздалегідь намічену дію.

Перекладаються на українську мову дієсловами недоконаного виду. Відповідають на запитання - що робить? , що робив? , що буде робити?

Обставини часу, характерні для цієї групи часів: now, at present, from ... till, all day long, all the time, the whole evening, all day yesterday, at 5 o'clock, at noon, at midnight, at that moment.

Ex.10. Перекладіть речення на українську/російську мову, визначте час і стан дієслова- присудка.

1.I am looking forward to meet you as soon as possible. 2. They will be working out a new business plan next month 3. Are you operating the computer? 4. John is a sales agent. He is working overtime now to save up for a car.5. Jane is typing the new copy of a business plan.6. Richard is spending a lot of money now because he is repairing his car. 7. They will be waiting for him at 8.30. 8. They were willing to establish with your firm long-term relations. 9. Namely these circumstances are releasing you from obligation to deliver the equipment under the contract.10. This term will be discussing claims for penalty.11. The college student in the early 1900s was just beginning to enjoy the benefits of an education for business.12. He was phoning about the office shelving system.13. Many foreign companies are opening offices in Brasil.14.A new business plan was being written by him all last week.15. This question is being discussed at the meeting. 16. This question was being discussed when I entered the room.17. Wait a minute, your documents are being signed by the director and the accountant.18. Look, Jane is watching TV instead of doing her work. 19. These goods are being produced in Ukraine. 20. Underdeveloped countries were being rendered urgent substantial assistance to survive in crop failures. 21. Now more high-tech goods, such as semiconductors, are being imported by the U. S. 22. The experience at Chrysler is being repeated in corporate affects throughout the United States. 23. Top executives are looking at how their firms are organized and are changing their organizations to make them more efficient. 24. Managers are being educated to guide and coach employees rather than to boss them around. 25. It doesn’t mean, though, that managers are working more closely with employees in joint effort to accomplish common goals.

Ex.11. Перекладіть речення на українську/російську мову.

1. The domestic consumer’s market is becoming competitive to foreign goods, especially to Poland and Russian market. 2. Lookoil is getting substantial profit from takeover of some other Russian firms. 3. The members of our delegation will be discussing the chances of opening up a new market in Holland.4. The workers at Lincoln Electric are improving their level of education and culture now. 5. In many industries, computer-based information systems are becoming a powerful competitive weapon. In the nearest future they are planning to modify the equipment. 6. Unfortunately he is failing to use a variety of leadership styles, and to cope wih such a difficult situation. 7. Marketing researchers will be investigating consumer behaviour at each stage to determing the best way to facilitate marketing exchanges. 8. A new collection of memorial coins was being issued to that date.

ЧАСИ ГРУПИ PERFECT (Active, Passive)

To have + V3

Active Voice	Present	Past	Future
	I You have already signed We the contract They Я вже підписав контракт	I you he had signed the contract she by November we they Я підписала контракт …	I shall have signed the We contract by next week You He will have signed the She contract by next week They Я підпишу контракт …
	He has already signed She the contract Він вже підписав

To have + been + V3

Passive Voice

The contract has been signed by us Контракт був підписаний …

The contract had been signed by November Контракт був підписаний …

The contract will have been signed by next week. Контракт буде підписаний .

Утворення питальної і заперечної форми

Present Perfect	Past Perfect	Future Perfect
I have worked Have I worked? I haven’t worked	I had worked Had I worked? I hadn’t worked	I shall have worked Shall I have worked? I shall not have worked

ЧАСИ групи Perfect виражають дію, що відбувалася до певного моменту в теперішньому, минулому і майбутньому часі.

Перекладаються ці часи на українську мову дієсловами доконаного виду і відповідають на запитання - що зробив? , що буде зроблено?

Present Perfect часто вживається з обставинами:

lately , recently, for two years, for a long time, ever, never, just,

already, yet і перекладається на українську мову дієсловом доконаного виду в минулому часі.

Past Perfect і Future Perfect вживається з прийменником by для вказівки моменту часу в минулому або майбутньому.

E.g.

We have(we've) already finished our work. - Ми вже закінчили свою роботу.

All the data have been collected. - Всі дані були зібрані.

After she had finished to type the letter, she sent it by fax.- Після того, як вона закінчила друкувати лист, вона відправила його по факсу.

We have recently received the letter of credit. - Ми нещодавно одержали акредитив.

The carrier will be delivered the package by tomorrow morning.- Кур'єр доставить пакет до завтрашнього ранку.

By Tuesday I had already drawn up the contract . – До вівторка я вже склала контракт.

The schedule will have been received by you by 5 o'clock. - Графік буде одержаний вами до 5 години.

Пам’ятайте, що з обставинами часу, які вводяться прийменниками since і for Present Perfect означає дію, яка почалася в минулому і ще не закінчилася. В цьому випадку дієслово перекладається на українську мову дієсловом в теперішньому часі.

E.g. He has known me since 1991.- Він знає мене з 1991року.

They have been engaged in this profitable business for some years. - Вони займаються цим прибутковим бізнесом декілька років.

Ex.12. Перекладіть речення на українську/російську мову, звертаючи увагу на те, що присудок у Present Perfect Tense перекладається на українську мову дієсловом доконаного виду в минулому часі.

I

1.The use of new technology has created or changed the nature of hundreds of thousands of jobs. 2. We have prepared a breakdown of the contract price. 3. Integrated Programme for Commodities has acted since 1976. 4. I shall have completed the statement by tomorrow afternoon. 5. I'm an employee of Yoodwell Computer Company. This is a typical Friday afternoon at our office. All the employees are working overtime. We haven't gone home because we haven't finished our work yet. Friday is always a very busy day. The secretary hasn't typed two important letters yet. The bookkeeper still hasn't written all the paychecks. The office clerks haven't delivered all the mail yet. And the boss hasn't spoken to three important people who are waiting to see him. I haven't finished my work yet either. I am the custodian, and I still haven't cleaned all the offices. I haven't cleaned them because my co-workers haven't gone home yet! I'm not surprised. As I've said, Friday is always a very busy day at our office.6. The employment buarea has got a lot of information as to what specialists are needed at enterprises in the district.7. We shall have done the greater part of work by the time you get into contract with our office. 8. Marketing middlemen have always been seen by the public with some suspicion.

II

1.By 1986 many economy problems had receded. 2. U.S. corporations have invested a lot in developing countries to get access to raw materials (such as oil). 3. Goods produced in the U.S. have become more competitive. 4. The adjustment process has been very slow to help many companies and many workers who have already lost their jobs. 5. The EBRD has already become the leading investor in the private sector in Eastern Europe, and in the countries of CIS. 6. The Bank has been keen to assist Ukraine in its initial steps toward independence and market system. 7. He has just called his agent on delivering the goods as fast as possible.8. The manager has signed the letter without any delay. 9. Haven’t you been left the massage? 10. We have received the money order at the general Post Office this morning. 11. Since the dawn of human history, governments have passed laws regulating the prices at which some commodities have been sold. 12. Many organizations have specialized in management which has been described in the previous chapter. 13. Good planning has been done by all managers at every level of the organization. 14. As soon as objectives had been developed, the next step is to begin to move the organization toward the objectives. 15. We have presented the four functions of management, the main of them was controlling.

III

1. Many doctors, lawyers and individuals and partners in a variety of businesses incorporated. 2. Once a person, partnership or group of individuals have incorporated, they often receive significant tax advantages. 3. SBA (Small business administration) has produced many publications to assist small business people in all areas of management. 4. How is it, that most Third World countries have adopted socialism as their economic model? 5. Have you ever thought about starting your own business? 6. Exports have grown almost proportionally. 7. Imports have grown in recent decades, not only in dollars, but as a percentage of overall production. 8. Branches have been established by the United States in Europe, Japan, Latin America. 9. The United States has become a major borrower, from abroad, but the country also invests heavily oversees.

ЧАСИ ГРУПИ PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Часи групи Perfect Continuous вживаються для вираження тривалої дії, що почалась до визначеного моменту в дійсному, минулому або майбутньому часі , і тривала відомий період часу, включаючи цей момент.

Present Perfect Continuous вживається з такими позначеннями часу: for an hour - протягом часу; for a month - протягом місяця; lately - останній час; since 5 o'clock.

I haven't been reading a lot lately. - Останнім часом я трохи читаю.

She has been teaching English since 1950. - Вона викладає англійську мову з 1950.

We have been working at the fax for an hour. - Ми працюємо над факсом на протязі години.

	Present	Past	Future
Стверджувальна форма	I/you/we have been calling They up for an hour He/she/it has been calling up for an hour Я телефоную …	I/you They/we had been calling up He/she/it for an hour Я телефонувала…	I/we shall have been calling up for an hour You/they will have been he/she/it calling up for an hour Я буду телефонувати…
Питальна форма	Have I/you/we been calling up for an hour ? Has he/she/it been calling up for an hour? Я телефоную ?	I/we/you/it Had they/he/she been calling up for an hour? Я телефонувала?	Shall I/we been calling up for an hour? you/they Will he/she/it been calling up for an hour? Я буду телефонувати?
Заперечна форма	I/you/ have not been calling They/we up for an hour He/she/it has not been calling up for an hour Я не телефоную…	I/you They/we had not been calling He/she/it up for an hour Я не телефонувала…	I/we shall not have been calling up for an hour You/they will not have been he/she/it calling up for an hour Я не буду телефонувати…

Ex.13. Перекладіть речення з Present Perfect Continuous на українську/російську мову, звертаючи увагу на те, що присудок перекладається теперішнім часом.

1. Mr. and Mrs. Banks have been having a lot of problems in their apartment recently. 2. For several weeks the bedroom ceiling has been leaking, the refrigerator hasn't been working and the paint in the hallway has been peeling. 3. In addition, they have been taking cold showers since last week because the hot water heater hasn't been working, and they haven't been sleeping at night because the radiators have been making strange noises. 4. Mr. and Mrs. Banks are furious. They have been calling their landlord every day and complaining about their problems.5. He has been promising to help them, but they have been waiting for more than a week and he still hasn't fixed anything at all. 6.You have been following the principles of organization all of you life. 7. The EBRD has been participating in Ukraine’s development since December 1991. 8. Naturally, lobbyists have been providing politicians with information needed to make judgement. 9. Some economists, including Nobel Prize winners have been looking at the problems of the public sector as the inevitable consequence of the political process.

СЛОВНИК ДО ТЕМИ «ВИДО-ЧАСОВА СИСТЕМА АНГЛІЙСЬКОГО ДІЄСЛОВА»

approximately - приблизно

approach - підхід, наближатися

agenda - порядок денний

bear - нести

benefit - благо, прибуток, давати прибуток

breakdown - розлад, розруха

create - створити, творити

commission – комісія

competitive - конкурентний

claim - претензія

custodian – охорона, охоронець

commodity - ( тут) сировина

complain - скарга, скаржитися

cover - покривати, обкладинка

deletion - викреслювання, знищення

discount - знижка

discourage - розладнати

employ - наймати на роботу

entrance - вхід

expensive - дорогий

exchange - обмін, біржа

employee - службовець

fear - боятися, страх

fairness - справедливість

furious - лютий, скажений

goal - ціль

grant - нагороджувати, (тут) надати

intervene - втручатися

insurance - страховка

L/C - аккредитив

level - рівень

leak - протікати

lay off - звільняти, звільнення

merger - злиття ( підприємства )

Mint - монетне подвір'я

melt - плавити

namely - саме

proceed - приступати до чого-небудь

prosperous – квітучий, перспективний

piecework - відрядна робота

penalty - штраф

paycheck - платіжний чек

peel - чистити, лущитися

remark - помічати, зауваження

reward – винагороджувати, нагорода

recognition - визнання

responsibility - відповідальність

receipt [ risi:t ] - розписка, квитанція

release - звільняти

stock - акція

semiskilled - не високого рівня підготовки, не кваліфікований

steady - постійний

subsidize - субсидіювати

strike - ( тут) чеканити

ship - перевозити

shelving system - стелажі

sign - підписувати, знак

statement - звіт

suspicion - підозра

survey - опитування

threaten - загрожувати

toward - по напрямку

in terms of - у перекладі на, відносно чогось

term - термін

whereby - за допомогою

МОДАЛЬНІ ДІЄСЛОВА

Модальне дієслово	Еквіваленти модальних дієслів	Present	Past	Future
Can- могти (фізична можливість, розумова спроможність)	To be able (to)- могти	Can am is able (to) are I can read. I am able to read.	Could Was able (to) Were I could read I was able to read.	shall be able (to) will be able (to) I shall be able to read.
May- могти (допустимість вчинення дії : дозвіл або відмова)	to be allowed (to)- мати дозвіл	May am is allowed to are He may take it. He is allowed to take it .	Might was allowed were (to) He might take it. He was allowed to take it .	shall be allowed (to) will be allowed (to) He will be allowed to take it .
Must - повинен	to have (to) - бути змушеним в силу обставин to be (to) – бути зобов'язаним у силу плану або домовленості	Must have (to) has(to) am is (to) are He must meet him . He has to meet him. He is to meet him.	had (to) was were (to) He had (was) to meet him .	shall have(to) will He will (have) to meet him.

Should

Must

To have (to) зобов’язання

To be (to)

Ought (to )

To be obliged (to)

Can

To be able (to) фізична ,розумова спроможність

To be unable (to)

May

To be allowed (to) дозвіл

To be permitted (to)

Need необхідність

EXERCISES (ВПРАВИ).

Ex.1. Перекладіть на українську/російську мову, звертаючи увагу на модальні дієслова.

1. You must settle our accounts with our creditors. 2. You needn't send a telex. I'll call them. 3. You should consult a lawyer. 4. You ought to introduce the changes gradually. 5. The goods are to be packed in strong cases. 6. You should be very careful with this equipment. 7. We must export more.8. It might be a good market for our products. 9. We can't let that one failure stop us from trying to break into a new market. 10. In business letters compliments must not be exaggerated, as they may produce the opposite effect and the reader may feel that the writer is being insincere. 11. He was taken from school and for some time he had to help his father in the trade.12. All the preparations should be completed in a week. 13. The scientist was obliged to leave his fatherland as he got no support from the authorities.14. A consumer must allocate (that is , divide) his available income increases among alternative goods. 15. When an individual’s income increases, he has more to spend on consumption. 16. If the government is to obtain more resources individuals have to consume less. 17. Chrysler (firm) was able to obtain loans from private investors and banks, and at a relatively low rate of interest. 18. You might also know that management is much more complex than doing a few tasks. 19. How often have you heard the comment “One of these days we’ll have to get organized”.

Ex.2. Скажіть і напишіть такі речення в Past і Future Indefinite.

Зразок:

The secretary must know how to write business letters.

The secretary had to know how to write business letters.

The secretary will have to know how to write business letters.

1. We must thank the custom officer for his help. 2. This manager must go on business abroad. 3. They must tell him all about this transaction. 4. Accountants must widely use computers as well. 5. They must help the management to make wise decisions.

Зразок:

I can see the sea from my window.

I could see the sea from my window.

I'll be able to see the sea from my window.

1. They can't see the accident. 2. You can leave the resume with the secretary. 3. Computers can do calculations very fast. 4. They can cancel their orders. 5. She can earn her living herself.

Зразок:

He may refer to these figures.

He might refer to these figures.

He will be allowed to refer to these figures.

1. You may come on Sunday. 2. We may fix the date of the appointment. 3. The workers may discuss these problems with the management. 4. He may call on me tonight and take the catalogues. 5. You may change the prices for these goods yourselves.

Ex.3. Перекладіть на англійську мову.

1. Я не можу закінчити роботу сьогодні. 2. Чи можете ви перекласти цей договір на англійську мову? 3. Їй cлід погодитися з їхніми умовами. 4. Вони змогли виконати всі умови договору. 5. Він запитав мене, чи може він взяти мій словник. 6. Ви можете скористатися моїм телефоном. 7. Вам не варто заповнювати цю форму червоними чорнилaми. 8. Стаття була дуже важкою і йому довелося скористатися словником. 9. Він повинен був зробити доповідь на нашому семінарі.

Ex.4. Перекладіть на українську/російську мову, звертаючи увагу на форми еквівалентів модальних дієслів.

1. Some goods and services had to be given up in order to obtain the goods and services you need. 2. This means that consumers are more willing and able to buy larger quantities of goods and services at relatively lower prices. 3. You will not be able to sell all 40 gallons without reducing the price. 4. The management discovered that productivity increased when their employees had the latest information and when they were able to participate in production decisions. 5. All would agree, however, that the productivity of American workers will have to impove if the nation is to maintain its position as the world's leading industrial power. 6. These newer plants were able to draw away some of Intrepid's business by offering up-to-date products at a cost slightly lower than Intrepid's. 7. Intrepid was unable to regain the business it had lost and it was clear that the plant would never return to its former level of production. 8. Not only will workers lose their jobs but town government will probably have to cut back its services to almost nothing. 9. Some rich individuals and some huge corporations were able to avoid paying the income fax altogether.

Поєднання модального дієслова з пасивним інфінітивом

Must + Infinitive Passive Should (be + V3)	потрібно, необхідно	The volume of sale should be increased Об’єм продажу необхідно збільшити
Can + Infinitive Passive May	можна	Can the terms of this contract be changed? Чи можна змінити умови цього контракту?
Cannot + Infinitive Passive Can’t	не можна	The terms of this contract cannot be changed. It is too late. Умови цього контракту змінити не можна. Дуже пізно.

Ex.5. Перекладіть на українську/російську мову, звертаючи увагу на сполучення модального дієслова з Passive Infinitive.

I

1. All the preparations should be completed in a week. 2. The problem must be settled as soon as possible. 3. Some managers consider that changes ought to be introduced gradually. 4. He insists that the plan should be discussed next week.5. Our catalogues can be sent to you by mail. 6. The accounts must be checked. 7. This information may be got only at our firm. 8. This letter must be sent off at once. 9. The aсcounts had to be checked once more. 10. According to the contract the goods are to be delivered not later than the 15-th of March.

II

1. Other economists say that the government should leave business alone and let the market determine what goods and services should be produced. 2.If more resources are used to increase the production of computers, then the production of something else that requires those same resources must be cut back. 3. Averages can be computerized in a number of different ways. 4. These may be needed to prove when and where you bought the item and the price you paid for it. 5. While there is nothing that anyone can do to eliminate all risks, there are things that can be done to reduce their costs. 6. Investment can be aimed at increasing productive capacity or at research and development (R&D). 7. R&D can be used to develop new processes, to cut the cost of production and improve productivity. 8. What can't be cured must be endured.9. Love and cough cannot be hid. 10. What is done cannot be undone. 11. Friendship is not to be bought at a fair.

Сполучення модального дієслова з перфектним інфінітивом

Must Infinitive Perfect May + (have + V3) May	повинно бути можливо напевно	He may have read this article. Він напевно прочитав цю статтю.
Can + not + Infinitive Could Perfect	не може бути, не можливо	He cannot have done it. Не може бути, щоб він зробив це
Could Might + Infinitive Perfect Ought to + Infinitive Should Perfect	можливо міг би слід було б	They might have overlooked something very important. Вони можливо прогледіли щось важливе You should have changed the terms of the contract Вам слід було б змінити умови контракту

Ex. 6. Перекладіть на українську/російську мову, звертаючи увагу на сполучення дієслова з Perfect Infinitive.

I

1. Some mistakes must have been made in writing this report.2. The expert pointed out that the goods must already have been in a bad condition at the time of dispatch. 3. The expert admits that the goods may have been damaged in transit. 4. You knew that he was ill. You should have called him. 5. You look ill. You oughtn't to have come to the Institute today. 6. He may have come back,but I have not seen him yet. 7.This tax return must have been done by a quallified auditor. 8. We could have made this translation more carefully, if we had had more time. 9. The goods must have been packed very carelessly.

II

1. He cannot have entrusted this scientific work to a man he has known for such a short period of time. 2. You could not have seen him there because he left the place two months ago. 3. He cannot have occupied this position, he has no experience at all. 4. She knew everything about our plans, she must have listened to our conversation. 5. When tax rates are so high that they discourage investment, the wealth and jobs that might have been created are lost. 6. You shouldn't have invested money into that business, it was too risky. 7. He couldn't have sold his shares, the enterprise was so profitable. 8. The plant could have produced this equipment, they possessed the know-how, but they had problems with material supplies.

ФУНКЦІЇ ДІЄСЛОВА TO BE

Ex.7. Прочитайте текст. Визначите функції дієслова” to be”.

There is a congress in Prague. The theme of the Congress is "Science for Peace and Progress". Scientists from every continent are coming to the Congress. We are economists. There are 14 people on the list. We are from different countries. There are four ladies and 10 gentlemen in our group. One man is not coming, he is ill. The others are coming in a day or two. All members of our group are pleased to be in Prague. The city is wonderful. It is famous for its monuments and museums. The schedule is very busy. We are to take part in sessions, round-table talks, sittings, conferences, discussions. We are to make reports at conferences. We are going to work hard at the Congress. I'm lucky I have been sent to the Congress.

Ex.8. Bизначите функції дієслова “to be” . Перекладіть речення на українську/російську мову.

I

1. The meeting was attended by thousands of people. 2. The law was soon followed by another one. 3. World trade was affected by the war. 4. They were at home last night. 5. Money is anything that is generally acceptable in payment for goods and services. 6. Clearly, your bank book is not money, since you could not buy a ticket to the movies with it. 7. Travelers' checks are checks sold in a variety of denominations by banks and travel agencies. 8. The native Americans were unwilling to exchange food for small pieces of paper and metal. 9. Not only workers are being given a limited voice in managing some companies, but they are also becoming part-owners. 10. Barter is the exchange of one good or service for another.11. Managers are to decide what to do, how to do it, and whether the results match the original plans.12.The salesman main purpose is to sale. 13. Nationalized industries are firms owned wholly by the Government. 14. Some private firms are to be nationalized to rescue them from bankrapcy.15. The objective is to establish a leadership position in the market. 16. The consumer is really king. He is to decide what to buy. 17. Products that fail to satisfy are replaced by more attractive products.

Ex.9. Прочитайте прислів'я, визначите функції дієслова to be, спробуйте знайти еквіваленти в рідній мові.

1. A good beginning is half a battle. 2. Laughter is the best medicine.3. The golden age was never the present age. 4. The road to hell is paved with good intentions. 5. A man is known by the company he keeps. 6. Friendship is not to be bought at a fair. 7. Rome was not built in a day. 8. Men are not to be measured by inches.9. To know everything is to know nothing. 10. There is no rule without exсeption. 11. Where there is a will, there is a way.