- •Vacuum technology development
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •5. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •6. Answer the following questions to text a.
- •7. Read text b carefully paying attention to the words in bold type.
- •8. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •9. Answer the questions to text b.
- •10. Match the words with the synonyms.
- •14. Match the parts of the sentences.
- •16. Grammar Tutorials: Word Order, Miscellaneous
- •17. Translate the following sentences. Notice the difference in the underlined words.
- •19. Translate the text from Russian into English. Use the list of words below for help.
- •Unit II. Theory of pvd Coatings
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read text a carefully paying attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the following questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b carefully paying attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •10. Make sure you know the meanings of these words. Match the words with their definitions.
- •11. Match the words with the synonyms (text a).
- •12. Match the same words with the antonyms (text a).
- •13. Translate the text on theory and practical use of pvd coatings, study the structure of TiAln. Make its technical and non-technical description.
- •14. Scan the text about Copper (Cu) carefully. Use the scattered Nouns – Verbs – Adjectives – Adverbial Modifiers to make as many correct sentences-statements as possible.
- •17. See the difference in the following words. Use a dictionary. Read all of them aloud. Make some sentences of your own. Some eight examples are given for you.
- •20. Learn the poem “The Planets” by heart. Say, if gold, silver and lead are used in vacuum technologies. What does present-day science say about the content of metals in the planets? The Planets
- •21. Practice makes perfect. Translate the text on Vacuum history in a written form.
- •24. Scan the biography of Michael Faraday. Put questions to the answers given below.
- •25. Look through the texts a-b again and make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •History
- •II. Home Appliances II: Vacuum-Cleaner
- •20. Scan the biography. Put questions to the given answers.
- •Reading, Vocabulary & Creative Practice
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read text a. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •13. Special Quiz. Think of the better way to remember the most of the vocabulary and the vacuum pump classification. Share your opinion on it with your partner.
- •Russian English
- •II. Классификация вакуумных насосов по принципу действия
- •15. A) Open the brackets giving the right forms of the words; b) Translate the text “Cryopump” in a written form; c) Compare texts 15.1 and 15.2.
- •16. Grammar Tutorials: Question Technique Read and give a title to the text. Put questions to the given answers.
- •18. Translate from Russian into English. Use the proper grammar rules and the prompting words in brackets.
- •19. Read the text “Pump Accessories”. Pay attention to the abbreviations, and Stone Wall Constructions. Summarize the text.
- •20. Translate the following abbreviations and Stone Wall Constructions.
- •21. Read about some pumps’ features and benefits. Pay attention to the suffixes in the words, describing the pumps. Using the descriptive words, try to persuade the customers to buy the pumps.
- •23. Make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •Unit VI. Pumps and Compressors
- •“First, be sure a thing is wanted or needed, then go ahead.” Thomas Edison.
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read the text a. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •10. Match the words with the synonyms.
- •11. Match the words with the antonyms.
- •12. Fill in the correct prepositions.
- •13. Open the brackets. Give the right forms of the words in bold. Translate the text in a written form.
- •14. Special Quiz. Read about the uses of compressors. Match the parts of the sentences making the sentences complete. Start from: Gas compressors are used … … .
- •17. Study the key words to the crossword from Unit III.
- •18. Engineer tested. Do you believe …
- •19. Study the compressor refrigerator schematic, operation and construction. Discuss the information in dialogues. How do you see the compressor refrigerator in the future?
- •Construction
- •20. Scan the biography both I) in English and II) in Russian. Make a close look at English and Russian versions. Find and write down the differences.
- •Follow-up Activity
- •21. Make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •1. Kinetic Devices (General View).
- •Unit VII. Vacuum Engineering and Its Prospects
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read text a. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •9. Make sure you know the meanings of these words. Match the words with their definitions. Consult the dictionaries.
- •10. Match the words with the synonyms.
- •11. Match the same words with the antonyms.
- •12. Fill in the correct prepositions.
- •13. Scan the text. Make its summary in Russian then give English translation of the summary.
- •14. 1) Scan the biography of Sir William Crookes. Pay attention to the underlined words and notions. Say or write what you know about them.
- •14. 2) Scan the biography of John Dalton. Put questions to the given answers.
- •15. Scan the article “Vacuum Technology Developed to Control Insects in Wood.” Divide the text into logical parts.
- •17. Read the advertisement. Make everybody trust the method described.
- •19. Read the article “Japanese Camera Used to Test Innovation.” Make up some 3–5 statements of your own which might be a summary to the article.
- •20. Study the suggested key answers to the previous tasks.
- •21. Make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •Permissible pressure units including the torr 1) and its conversion
- •Vocabulary Terms And Abbreviations Used In Vacuum Engineering
- •Casing n оболочка, обшивка; отливка, литье
- •Confine V удерживать
- •Deliberate adj умышленный, обдуманный
- •Develop V развивать, строить, подготавливать, совершенствовать
- •Drastic adj глубокий, интенсивный, резкий
- •Drift n наклонный ствол, отклонение
- •Neutral n нейтральный
- •Vacuum technology development
- •220013, Минск, проспект Независимости, 65.
14. Match the parts of the sentences.
1) our world is viewed 2) there is a world-class family 3) vacuum technology and equipment are 4) engineers and common people understand 5) vacuum systems aim to provide |
a) unrivalled customer service b) in a very different way today c) the role of vacuum
d) being widely developed
e) of vacuum products |
15. Make sure you can find the meanings of the terms below in an explanatory dictionary. Match the terms with their definitions.
a) vacuum cleaner, b) vacuum bottle(thermos), c) vacuum pump, d) tolerance, e) pressure, f) solvent, g) precision
1. flask having a vacuum liner (колба) which prevents the escape of heat from hot contents;
2. a device by which a partial vacuum can be produced;
3. an electrical apparatus for cleaning carpets, floors, etc. by suction;
4. the permissible variation of an object in hardness, weight or quantity;
5. a substance, usually a liquid, which can dissolve or form a solution with another substance;
6. the force exerted on the unit area of a surface;
7. made or done with great exactness.
16. Grammar Tutorials: Word Order, Miscellaneous
A. Scan the text about Aluminum carefully. Use the scattered Nouns – Verbs – Adjectives – Adverbial Modifiers below to make as many correct sentences as possible.
Aluminum is a light metal that is easily shaped and drawn out into the wire. It is a good conductor of electricity. Aluminum is the most common metallic element in the earth’s crust. It is extracted from its ore bauxite by electrolysis with molten cryolite as a flux. When left in the air, the surface reacts to form a layer of oxide (alumina), which prevents corrosion. The metal and its alloys are used for many purposes in various engineering fields, including the manufacture of cooking utensils, electrical equipment, aircraft, foil, canning equipment, etc.
Noun Verb Adjective Adverbial Modifier
metal shape light easily
wire draw out good by electrolysis
conductor extract common for many purposes
manufacture react metallic in the air
corrosion prevent various when left in the air
its alloys use various for drinks
B. Comment on the underlined lexical and grammar peculiarities.
Historically, PVD processes have been relatively expensive as the result of slow deposition rates, expensive vacuum equipment, and throughout limitations. In recent years, the use of PVD methods has expanded at an extremely rapid rate owing to reduced costs and, more importantly, because of increased demand for high-performance materials and coatings that cannot be produced by other methods.
Additional Activities: Miscellaneous
17. Translate the following sentences. Notice the difference in the underlined words.
1) The first piston type vacuum pump was invented by Otto von Guericke, 1602-86, German physicist.
2) Guernica is a Basque town in Northern Spain: bombed and destroyed in 1937 by German planes serving the insurgents in the Spanish civil war. It is also a painting (1937) by Pablo Picasso.
3) The first person to use a vacuum pump to be able to form a glow discharge (plasma) in a “vacuum tube” was M. Faraday in 1838.
4) Faraday 1. Michael, 1791-1867, English physicist and chemist: discoverer of electromagnetic induction. 2. Faraday is a unit of electricity used in electrolysis, equal to 96,500 coulombs.
5) Faraday dark space is the dark region between the negative glow and the positive column in a vacuum tube occurring when the pressure is low [named after Michael Faraday].
6) Edison Thomas Alva, 1) 1847-1931, US inventor, esp. of electrical devices; 2) Edison is a town in central New Jersey.
7) Edison effect is the phenomenon of the flow of electric current when an electrode sealed inside the bulb of an incandescent lamp is connected to the positive terminal of the lamp [named after T.A. Edison].
18. Read the following descriptions of throughput modes used in providing vacuum technologies in customer services. Do different exercises in small groups. Then share your knowledge with the whole group.
1. Read the text Canning (консервирование) and put questions to the given answers.
Canning is one of the oldest processes used for the commercial preservation of food. It is based on the principle that a food will be preserved indefinitely if it is heated to the proper temperature for the correct amount of time while sealed in an airtight container. In the canning process, containers made of metal, glass, or sturdy plastic-like materials are filled with food by machines that put exactly the right amount in each container. Mechanical filling is rapid. As many as 12,000 containers, can be filled in one minute.
а) No, it is one of the oldest processes.
b) That a food will be preserved if it is heated to the proper temperature.
c) They are filled by machines.
d) Yes, it is.
e) As many as 12,000 containers.
2. Scan the text Drying or Dehydration (сушка или обезвоживание), define the Tense forms of the verbs and the functions of the Infinitives.
The next form of processing to be commercially exploited was drying, or dehydration. Technically drying refers to leaving food in the sun to reduce moisture content; dehydration is artificial drying. Foods from which most of the water has been removed are protected against spoilage if they are sealed in packages that do not allow moisture to seep in. In dehydration all but about 2 percent of the water in the food is removed. Foods are dehydrated by exposure to a current of heated air or superheated steam. Heat turns the water in the food to steam. The steam is removed by circulating air or by a vacuum pump. Fruits and vegetables, meat, fish, egg, and milk are all sometimes processed by dehydration.
3. Translate the text Freeze-drying (замораживание) in a written form.
A processing method that uses a combination of freezing and dehydration is called freeze-drying. Foods that already have been frozen are placed in a vacuum-tight enclosure and dehydrated under vacuum conditions with careful application of heat. Normally ice melts and becomes water when heat is applied. If more heat is applied, it turns to steam. But in freeze-drying, the ice turns directly to vapor, and there is little chance that microorganisms will grow.
4. Scan the text Fermentation (ферментация). Rewrite the key words suitable for the text retelling.
Food preservation systems in general slow down or stop the growth of microorganisms, but not all microorganisms are harmful. Some, in fact, are commonly used in preservation. In the process known as fermentation, microorganisms convert carbohydrates to acid. Salt, or a brine solution made with salt, is also used. The amount of salt used determines whether or not any organism can grow and what types will grow. Fermented products are left in containers with salt solutions for several weeks in rooms with carefully controlled temperatures. Each group of microorganisms has an optimum temperature for growth, which the processor must maintain so that correct fermentation action will take place.
Fermented foods include pickles made of fruits and vegetables, wine and beer, cheeses, vinegar, and pickled meats.
5. Scan the text Irradiation (иррадиация, облучение). Choose the best summary from the statements below.
The newest process in the commercial preservation of food is called irradiation.
In this method foods are exposed to high-frequency waves generated by a machine. Energy from the waves is transferred to the food, and with the application of very little heat the composition of the food cells changes and microorganisms are destroyed. Because irradiation uses only a minimal amount of heat, flavour and nutrients are retained better than in any other processing method.
A. The irradiation harm to the environment is paid attention to in this text.
B. The text says about the advantage of irradiation process in preserving food.
C. The text shows the irradiation process drawbacks.