- •Vacuum technology development
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •5. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •6. Answer the following questions to text a.
- •7. Read text b carefully paying attention to the words in bold type.
- •8. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •9. Answer the questions to text b.
- •10. Match the words with the synonyms.
- •14. Match the parts of the sentences.
- •16. Grammar Tutorials: Word Order, Miscellaneous
- •17. Translate the following sentences. Notice the difference in the underlined words.
- •19. Translate the text from Russian into English. Use the list of words below for help.
- •Unit II. Theory of pvd Coatings
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read text a carefully paying attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the following questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b carefully paying attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •10. Make sure you know the meanings of these words. Match the words with their definitions.
- •11. Match the words with the synonyms (text a).
- •12. Match the same words with the antonyms (text a).
- •13. Translate the text on theory and practical use of pvd coatings, study the structure of TiAln. Make its technical and non-technical description.
- •14. Scan the text about Copper (Cu) carefully. Use the scattered Nouns – Verbs – Adjectives – Adverbial Modifiers to make as many correct sentences-statements as possible.
- •17. See the difference in the following words. Use a dictionary. Read all of them aloud. Make some sentences of your own. Some eight examples are given for you.
- •20. Learn the poem “The Planets” by heart. Say, if gold, silver and lead are used in vacuum technologies. What does present-day science say about the content of metals in the planets? The Planets
- •21. Practice makes perfect. Translate the text on Vacuum history in a written form.
- •24. Scan the biography of Michael Faraday. Put questions to the answers given below.
- •25. Look through the texts a-b again and make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •History
- •II. Home Appliances II: Vacuum-Cleaner
- •20. Scan the biography. Put questions to the given answers.
- •Reading, Vocabulary & Creative Practice
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read text a. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •13. Special Quiz. Think of the better way to remember the most of the vocabulary and the vacuum pump classification. Share your opinion on it with your partner.
- •Russian English
- •II. Классификация вакуумных насосов по принципу действия
- •15. A) Open the brackets giving the right forms of the words; b) Translate the text “Cryopump” in a written form; c) Compare texts 15.1 and 15.2.
- •16. Grammar Tutorials: Question Technique Read and give a title to the text. Put questions to the given answers.
- •18. Translate from Russian into English. Use the proper grammar rules and the prompting words in brackets.
- •19. Read the text “Pump Accessories”. Pay attention to the abbreviations, and Stone Wall Constructions. Summarize the text.
- •20. Translate the following abbreviations and Stone Wall Constructions.
- •21. Read about some pumps’ features and benefits. Pay attention to the suffixes in the words, describing the pumps. Using the descriptive words, try to persuade the customers to buy the pumps.
- •23. Make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •Unit VI. Pumps and Compressors
- •“First, be sure a thing is wanted or needed, then go ahead.” Thomas Edison.
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read the text a. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •10. Match the words with the synonyms.
- •11. Match the words with the antonyms.
- •12. Fill in the correct prepositions.
- •13. Open the brackets. Give the right forms of the words in bold. Translate the text in a written form.
- •14. Special Quiz. Read about the uses of compressors. Match the parts of the sentences making the sentences complete. Start from: Gas compressors are used … … .
- •17. Study the key words to the crossword from Unit III.
- •18. Engineer tested. Do you believe …
- •19. Study the compressor refrigerator schematic, operation and construction. Discuss the information in dialogues. How do you see the compressor refrigerator in the future?
- •Construction
- •20. Scan the biography both I) in English and II) in Russian. Make a close look at English and Russian versions. Find and write down the differences.
- •Follow-up Activity
- •21. Make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •1. Kinetic Devices (General View).
- •Unit VII. Vacuum Engineering and Its Prospects
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read text a. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •9. Make sure you know the meanings of these words. Match the words with their definitions. Consult the dictionaries.
- •10. Match the words with the synonyms.
- •11. Match the same words with the antonyms.
- •12. Fill in the correct prepositions.
- •13. Scan the text. Make its summary in Russian then give English translation of the summary.
- •14. 1) Scan the biography of Sir William Crookes. Pay attention to the underlined words and notions. Say or write what you know about them.
- •14. 2) Scan the biography of John Dalton. Put questions to the given answers.
- •15. Scan the article “Vacuum Technology Developed to Control Insects in Wood.” Divide the text into logical parts.
- •17. Read the advertisement. Make everybody trust the method described.
- •19. Read the article “Japanese Camera Used to Test Innovation.” Make up some 3–5 statements of your own which might be a summary to the article.
- •20. Study the suggested key answers to the previous tasks.
- •21. Make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •Permissible pressure units including the torr 1) and its conversion
- •Vocabulary Terms And Abbreviations Used In Vacuum Engineering
- •Casing n оболочка, обшивка; отливка, литье
- •Confine V удерживать
- •Deliberate adj умышленный, обдуманный
- •Develop V развивать, строить, подготавливать, совершенствовать
- •Drastic adj глубокий, интенсивный, резкий
- •Drift n наклонный ствол, отклонение
- •Neutral n нейтральный
- •Vacuum technology development
- •220013, Минск, проспект Независимости, 65.
5. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
1. The history of PVD is closely associated with psychology.
2. The term PVD seems to have been originally termed in 1966.
3. The first vacuum pump was invented to pump water out of mines.
4. The first person to use the vacuum pump was Edison.
5. Torr is a unit of current.
6. Grove was the first to study sputtering.
7. Grove used a tip of wire as a coating source.
8. Professor A.W. Wright published a paper on the use of mirrors.
9. Edison successfully argued that his invention was a pulsed arc.
10. Edison was the first to make commercial use of tires.
11. The term CVD means “countervailing duty” (компенсационная уравнительная пошлина).
12. Both CVD and PVD have no future.
13. Vacuum coatings offer flexibility.
14. All PVD processes can be divided into five stages.
15. Decorative business is not suitable for CVD.
6. Answer the following questions to text a.
1. When did Otto von Guericke live?
2. When were PVD processes invented?
3. What fields of technology is PVD associated with?
4. What kind of pump was the first vacuum pump?
5. What is M. Faraday famous for?
6. How did Grove study sputtering?
7. What was the pressure in Grove’s experiments?
8. When did Grove note a coating on a silver surface?
9. Where did Prof. Wright publish his paper?
10. How was Prof. Wright’s paper called?
11. Was Edison successful in his arguing on arcs?
12. What did Edison notice in sputtering?
13. What is Torr?
14. Where did A.W. Wright use ‘Electrical Deposition Apparatus?
15. What should present-day engineers and designers do to keep up to date?
7. Read text b carefully paying attention to the words in bold type.
B. Modern Vacuum Technology Applications
Our world is viewed in a very different way today than it was a hundred, fifty or even ten years ago. Not just in the types of products we manufacture but how we manufacture these products. If you were to try and build today’s cell phone back in the 60’s the package would be about the size of a high school gymnasium.
With more and more of today’s technologies entering miniaturization to the levels of the single atom and demand for precision reaching tolerance, which only can be read by an electron microscope, vacuum coatings and thin film technologies are rapidly branching out (расширять) to new industries every day.
Examples of some recent process solutions are: Photovoltaic Solar Cell.
Panels; Optical Electronic Communications; Semiconductor Research; Material Science; Military Applications; Aerospace Research; Thermal Space Simulation; Laboratory Equipment. One can say that small is beautiful and big is the best.
There is a world-class family of vacuum products to meet the evolving challenges of the analytical instrument and laboratory markets. Engineers as well as common people have a deep understanding of the role that vacuum plays at every step. Fascinating vacuum pumping solutions are being found that reduce costs while enhancing performance. Collaborative engineering contribute to assessing customer applications with an expert eye, addressing requirements and adding value to the end product.
Vacuum Technology and Equipment are being developed in many parts of the world, such as Africa, America, Belarus, Canada, China, Denmark, France, India, Italy, Russia, Taiwan, U.K. etc. Various vacuum pumps, compressors, portable equipment and stationary industrial vacuum systems are produced there.
The typical branch applications and throughput modes (processes) for few of these divisions are the following:
1. Pharmaceutical end products in Chemical Division (picture 4 from left to right). They produce and package pharmaceuticals in form of tablets, vials and ointments. Establishments in this industry may undertake one or more of several processes, including such as chemical synthesis, fermentation, distillation, solvent extraction and recovery, filling, freeze drying, separation, vacuum drying, etc.
2. Food, drink and beverage industry in Industrial Division (picture 6 from left to right). The production process must meet high standards of purity to preserve the unique characteristics of the brand. From creating a soft drink’s unique flavour to ensuring the purity of bottled water, stringent production and quality standards must be met. Typical throughput modes are filling, distillation, degassing, cooling water, product transfer, cleaning, mixing, packaging, bottling, heat transfer (hot water), washing.
3. Power generation in Energy & Environmental Division (picture 9 – “Energy & Environmental Division”). Power generation comprises establishments primarily engaged in operating electric power generation facilities. These facilities convert other forms of energy, such as waterpower, fossil fuels, nuclear power and solar power into electrical energy.
The establishments in this industry produce electric energy and provide electricity to transmission systems or to electric power distillation systems. Typical applications in energy generation are boiler feed, condensate, cooling-water, heat transfer (hot water).
Vacuum systems and technologies aim to provide unrivalled (не имеющий себе равных) customer service by being industry focused. Primarily, the industry segments can be divided into three divisions, which are Chemical, Industrial, Energy and Environmental. Study the table above.