- •Vacuum technology development
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •5. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •6. Answer the following questions to text a.
- •7. Read text b carefully paying attention to the words in bold type.
- •8. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •9. Answer the questions to text b.
- •10. Match the words with the synonyms.
- •14. Match the parts of the sentences.
- •16. Grammar Tutorials: Word Order, Miscellaneous
- •17. Translate the following sentences. Notice the difference in the underlined words.
- •19. Translate the text from Russian into English. Use the list of words below for help.
- •Unit II. Theory of pvd Coatings
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read text a carefully paying attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the following questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b carefully paying attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •10. Make sure you know the meanings of these words. Match the words with their definitions.
- •11. Match the words with the synonyms (text a).
- •12. Match the same words with the antonyms (text a).
- •13. Translate the text on theory and practical use of pvd coatings, study the structure of TiAln. Make its technical and non-technical description.
- •14. Scan the text about Copper (Cu) carefully. Use the scattered Nouns – Verbs – Adjectives – Adverbial Modifiers to make as many correct sentences-statements as possible.
- •17. See the difference in the following words. Use a dictionary. Read all of them aloud. Make some sentences of your own. Some eight examples are given for you.
- •20. Learn the poem “The Planets” by heart. Say, if gold, silver and lead are used in vacuum technologies. What does present-day science say about the content of metals in the planets? The Planets
- •21. Practice makes perfect. Translate the text on Vacuum history in a written form.
- •24. Scan the biography of Michael Faraday. Put questions to the answers given below.
- •25. Look through the texts a-b again and make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •History
- •II. Home Appliances II: Vacuum-Cleaner
- •20. Scan the biography. Put questions to the given answers.
- •Reading, Vocabulary & Creative Practice
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read text a. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •13. Special Quiz. Think of the better way to remember the most of the vocabulary and the vacuum pump classification. Share your opinion on it with your partner.
- •Russian English
- •II. Классификация вакуумных насосов по принципу действия
- •15. A) Open the brackets giving the right forms of the words; b) Translate the text “Cryopump” in a written form; c) Compare texts 15.1 and 15.2.
- •16. Grammar Tutorials: Question Technique Read and give a title to the text. Put questions to the given answers.
- •18. Translate from Russian into English. Use the proper grammar rules and the prompting words in brackets.
- •19. Read the text “Pump Accessories”. Pay attention to the abbreviations, and Stone Wall Constructions. Summarize the text.
- •20. Translate the following abbreviations and Stone Wall Constructions.
- •21. Read about some pumps’ features and benefits. Pay attention to the suffixes in the words, describing the pumps. Using the descriptive words, try to persuade the customers to buy the pumps.
- •23. Make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •Unit VI. Pumps and Compressors
- •“First, be sure a thing is wanted or needed, then go ahead.” Thomas Edison.
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read the text a. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •10. Match the words with the synonyms.
- •11. Match the words with the antonyms.
- •12. Fill in the correct prepositions.
- •13. Open the brackets. Give the right forms of the words in bold. Translate the text in a written form.
- •14. Special Quiz. Read about the uses of compressors. Match the parts of the sentences making the sentences complete. Start from: Gas compressors are used … … .
- •17. Study the key words to the crossword from Unit III.
- •18. Engineer tested. Do you believe …
- •19. Study the compressor refrigerator schematic, operation and construction. Discuss the information in dialogues. How do you see the compressor refrigerator in the future?
- •Construction
- •20. Scan the biography both I) in English and II) in Russian. Make a close look at English and Russian versions. Find and write down the differences.
- •Follow-up Activity
- •21. Make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •1. Kinetic Devices (General View).
- •Unit VII. Vacuum Engineering and Its Prospects
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read text a. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •9. Make sure you know the meanings of these words. Match the words with their definitions. Consult the dictionaries.
- •10. Match the words with the synonyms.
- •11. Match the same words with the antonyms.
- •12. Fill in the correct prepositions.
- •13. Scan the text. Make its summary in Russian then give English translation of the summary.
- •14. 1) Scan the biography of Sir William Crookes. Pay attention to the underlined words and notions. Say or write what you know about them.
- •14. 2) Scan the biography of John Dalton. Put questions to the given answers.
- •15. Scan the article “Vacuum Technology Developed to Control Insects in Wood.” Divide the text into logical parts.
- •17. Read the advertisement. Make everybody trust the method described.
- •19. Read the article “Japanese Camera Used to Test Innovation.” Make up some 3–5 statements of your own which might be a summary to the article.
- •20. Study the suggested key answers to the previous tasks.
- •21. Make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •Permissible pressure units including the torr 1) and its conversion
- •Vocabulary Terms And Abbreviations Used In Vacuum Engineering
- •Casing n оболочка, обшивка; отливка, литье
- •Confine V удерживать
- •Deliberate adj умышленный, обдуманный
- •Develop V развивать, строить, подготавливать, совершенствовать
- •Drastic adj глубокий, интенсивный, резкий
- •Drift n наклонный ствол, отклонение
- •Neutral n нейтральный
- •Vacuum technology development
- •220013, Минск, проспект Независимости, 65.
19. Read the article “Japanese Camera Used to Test Innovation.” Make up some 3–5 statements of your own which might be a summary to the article.
Recently, the United Institute of Solid State and Semiconductor Physics at the Belarusian National Academy of Sciences received a telegram from the Institute of Space Research at the Russian Academy of Sciences reading: “Congratulations on the successful tests in Japan. The results will allow us to ensure the safety of the project”.
The telegram notes that a promising new Russian-Japanese satellite is incorporating a key Belarusian component to protect it from the electro-magnetic and magnetic fields of space; without this, receiving data from the orbiting satelitte would be impossible. Chief research officer of the magnetic tape physics laboratory, Doctor of Physic-Mathematical Sciences Sergey Grabichikov explains: “Traditionally, satellites were housed in ferromagnetic iron alloy. This was heavy but offered protection from such waves. However, as satellites are becoming smaller and lighter, they are being affected more by the geomagnetic fields of space, as well as interference from neighbouring devices, electrical motors and cables. A new approach was needed to screening, so we developed our nano-crystal metallic tape as part of the state Nanomaterilas and Nanotechnologies programme. It’s layered onto thin aluminium casing or directly onto the surface of components and is far more efficient than what has gone before.”
Although it seems simple – rather like ordinary galvanic coating – the new technology is actually quite complex. Each “screen” uses up to 10 layers of various compositions, designed to absorb and deflect electromagnetic emissions. A unique Japanese camera was used to photograph performance in a “magnetic vacuum”, isolated from external electromagnetic emissions. In fact, the Belarusian innovation has other applications too, since it can be used in diagnostic medical equipment and in a range of high-sensory devices.
20. Study the suggested key answers to the previous tasks.
Follow-up Activity
21. Make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
1. The Main Vacuum Technology Processes and Their Purposes.
2. Vacuum Impregnation Advertisement.
3. Nanotube and Its Advantages.
4. Merits of John Dalton and William Crooks in Vacuum Science.
5. Nanotechnology Applications and Prospects.
TABLE I
Permissible pressure units including the torr 1) and its conversion
Unit |
N · m-2, Pa 2) |
mbar |
bar |
Torr |
1 N · m (= 1 Pa) |
1 |
1 · 10-2 |
1 · 10-5 |
7,5 · 10-3 |
1 mbar |
100 |
1 |
1 · 10-3 |
0,75 |
1 bar |
1 · 105 |
1 · 103 |
1 |
750 |
1 Torr |
133 |
1,33 |
1,33 · 10-3 |
1 |
1) The torr is included in the table only to facilitate the transition from this familiar unit to the statutory units N · m-2, mbar and bar. In future the pressure units torr, mm water column, mm mercury column (mm Hg), % vacuum, technical atmosphere (at), physical atmosphere (atm), atmosphere absolute (ata), pressure above atmospheric and pressure below atmospheric may no longer be used. Reference is made to DIN 1314 in this context.
2) The unit Newton divided by square meters (N · m-2) is also designated as Pascal (Pa): 1 N · m-2 = 1 Pa. Newton divided by square meters or Pascal is the SI unit for the pressure of fluids.
3) 1 torr = 4/3 mbar; fl torr = 1 mbar.
|
TABLE II
Abbrev. |
Gas |
C*= λ · p [cm * mbar] |
H2 |
Hydrogen |
12,00 · 10-3 |
He |
Helium |
18,00 · 10-3 |
Ne |
Neon |
12,30 · 10-3 |
Ar |
Argon |
6,4 · 10-3 |
Kr |
Krypton |
4,8 · 10-3 |
Xe |
Xenon |
3,6 · 10-3 |
Hg |
Mercury |
3,05 · 10-3 |
O2 |
Oxygen |
6,5 · 10-3 |
N2 |
Nitrogen |
6,1 · 10-3 |
HCI |
Hydrochloric acid |
4,35 · 10-3 |
CO2 |
Carbon dioxide |
3,95 · 10-3 |
H2O |
Water vapor |
3,95 · 10-3 |
NH3 |
Ammonia |
4,6 · 10-3 |
C2H5OH |
Ethanol |
2,1 · 10-3 |
Cl2 |
Chlorine |
3,05 · 10-3 |
Air |
Air |
6,67 · 10-3 |
Mean free path I Values of the product c* of the mean free path λ for various gases at 20 °C. |