- •Vacuum technology development
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •5. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •6. Answer the following questions to text a.
- •7. Read text b carefully paying attention to the words in bold type.
- •8. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •9. Answer the questions to text b.
- •10. Match the words with the synonyms.
- •14. Match the parts of the sentences.
- •16. Grammar Tutorials: Word Order, Miscellaneous
- •17. Translate the following sentences. Notice the difference in the underlined words.
- •19. Translate the text from Russian into English. Use the list of words below for help.
- •Unit II. Theory of pvd Coatings
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read text a carefully paying attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the following questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b carefully paying attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •10. Make sure you know the meanings of these words. Match the words with their definitions.
- •11. Match the words with the synonyms (text a).
- •12. Match the same words with the antonyms (text a).
- •13. Translate the text on theory and practical use of pvd coatings, study the structure of TiAln. Make its technical and non-technical description.
- •14. Scan the text about Copper (Cu) carefully. Use the scattered Nouns – Verbs – Adjectives – Adverbial Modifiers to make as many correct sentences-statements as possible.
- •17. See the difference in the following words. Use a dictionary. Read all of them aloud. Make some sentences of your own. Some eight examples are given for you.
- •20. Learn the poem “The Planets” by heart. Say, if gold, silver and lead are used in vacuum technologies. What does present-day science say about the content of metals in the planets? The Planets
- •21. Practice makes perfect. Translate the text on Vacuum history in a written form.
- •24. Scan the biography of Michael Faraday. Put questions to the answers given below.
- •25. Look through the texts a-b again and make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •History
- •II. Home Appliances II: Vacuum-Cleaner
- •20. Scan the biography. Put questions to the given answers.
- •Reading, Vocabulary & Creative Practice
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read text a. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •13. Special Quiz. Think of the better way to remember the most of the vocabulary and the vacuum pump classification. Share your opinion on it with your partner.
- •Russian English
- •II. Классификация вакуумных насосов по принципу действия
- •15. A) Open the brackets giving the right forms of the words; b) Translate the text “Cryopump” in a written form; c) Compare texts 15.1 and 15.2.
- •16. Grammar Tutorials: Question Technique Read and give a title to the text. Put questions to the given answers.
- •18. Translate from Russian into English. Use the proper grammar rules and the prompting words in brackets.
- •19. Read the text “Pump Accessories”. Pay attention to the abbreviations, and Stone Wall Constructions. Summarize the text.
- •20. Translate the following abbreviations and Stone Wall Constructions.
- •21. Read about some pumps’ features and benefits. Pay attention to the suffixes in the words, describing the pumps. Using the descriptive words, try to persuade the customers to buy the pumps.
- •23. Make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •Unit VI. Pumps and Compressors
- •“First, be sure a thing is wanted or needed, then go ahead.” Thomas Edison.
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read the text a. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •10. Match the words with the synonyms.
- •11. Match the words with the antonyms.
- •12. Fill in the correct prepositions.
- •13. Open the brackets. Give the right forms of the words in bold. Translate the text in a written form.
- •14. Special Quiz. Read about the uses of compressors. Match the parts of the sentences making the sentences complete. Start from: Gas compressors are used … … .
- •17. Study the key words to the crossword from Unit III.
- •18. Engineer tested. Do you believe …
- •19. Study the compressor refrigerator schematic, operation and construction. Discuss the information in dialogues. How do you see the compressor refrigerator in the future?
- •Construction
- •20. Scan the biography both I) in English and II) in Russian. Make a close look at English and Russian versions. Find and write down the differences.
- •Follow-up Activity
- •21. Make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •1. Kinetic Devices (General View).
- •Unit VII. Vacuum Engineering and Its Prospects
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read text a. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •9. Make sure you know the meanings of these words. Match the words with their definitions. Consult the dictionaries.
- •10. Match the words with the synonyms.
- •11. Match the same words with the antonyms.
- •12. Fill in the correct prepositions.
- •13. Scan the text. Make its summary in Russian then give English translation of the summary.
- •14. 1) Scan the biography of Sir William Crookes. Pay attention to the underlined words and notions. Say or write what you know about them.
- •14. 2) Scan the biography of John Dalton. Put questions to the given answers.
- •15. Scan the article “Vacuum Technology Developed to Control Insects in Wood.” Divide the text into logical parts.
- •17. Read the advertisement. Make everybody trust the method described.
- •19. Read the article “Japanese Camera Used to Test Innovation.” Make up some 3–5 statements of your own which might be a summary to the article.
- •20. Study the suggested key answers to the previous tasks.
- •21. Make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •Permissible pressure units including the torr 1) and its conversion
- •Vocabulary Terms And Abbreviations Used In Vacuum Engineering
- •Casing n оболочка, обшивка; отливка, литье
- •Confine V удерживать
- •Deliberate adj умышленный, обдуманный
- •Develop V развивать, строить, подготавливать, совершенствовать
- •Drastic adj глубокий, интенсивный, резкий
- •Drift n наклонный ствол, отклонение
- •Neutral n нейтральный
- •Vacuum technology development
- •220013, Минск, проспект Независимости, 65.
20. Learn the poem “The Planets” by heart. Say, if gold, silver and lead are used in vacuum technologies. What does present-day science say about the content of metals in the planets? The Planets
The Moon is made of silver, Venus is made of copper
The Sun is made of gold Saturn is made of lead.
And Jupiter is made of tin, And Mars is made of iron,
So the ancients told. So the ancient said.
But what the Earth was made of
Very long ago
The ancients never told us
Because they didn’t know.
(By Eleanor Farjeon)
21. Practice makes perfect. Translate the text on Vacuum history in a written form.
История развития физики, химии, и целого ряда отраслей промышленности тесно связана с развитием вакуумной техники. Так Герон из Александрии описывает приспособления, которые можно считать прототипами пневматических механизмов, которые позже использовались для создания разрежения. Первые опыты с вакуумом относятся к 40-м гг. 16 в. В 1654 немецкий ученый О. фон Герике поставил опыт с Магдебургскими полушариями, наглядно показав существование атмосферного давления. Насос, которым он пользовался, был первым насосом для получения вакуума.
Изготовление ламп накаливания (1879) вызвало дальнейшее развитие вакуумной техники. Значительный вклад в вакуумную технику внес немецкий ученый В. Геде. В 1905 он впервые применил вращательный ртутный насос.
Быстрое развитие вакуумной техники связано с развитием электроники и ядерной энергетики. Техника получения тонких пленок, особо чистых материалов для космических летательных аппаратов и испытания этих аппаратов в условиях, близких к космическим, стали возможны только благодаря высокому уровню развития современной вакуумной техники. В июне 1958 в Бельгии состоялся первый Международный конгресс по вакуумной технике, решением которого было создание Международного общества по вакуумной физике и вакуумной технике.
22. Engineer Tested. Aluminum, Chromium, Copper, Mercury, Titanium, Yttrium, Zirconium are metals but Argon, Carbon, Hydrogen, Hydrocarbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbides, Borides, Silicides, Silicon are a) gases b) compounds c) organic elements d) atoms e) molecules… Make a choice. Give your arguments. Use: both…and, as well as, I think
23. Here are the abbreviations, numbers and relative atomic masses of the most often used materials in vacuum technology. Practice their reading. Make as many comparisons as possible. Think of some more metals used in vacuum technology.
Ti Titanium 22 47.90
Ar Argon 18 39.948
Al Aluminum 13 26.9815
Cu Copper 29 63.546
Ag Silver 47 107.868
24. Scan the biography of Michael Faraday. Put questions to the answers given below.
Michael Faraday, (September 22, 1791 – August 25, 1867) was an English chemist and physicist (or natural philosopher, in the terminology of that time) who contributed significantly to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.
Faraday studied the magnetic field and established the basis for the magnetic field concept in physics. He discovered electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis. He established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology.
As a chemist, Faraday discovered chemical substances such as benzene, invented the system of oxidation numbers, and popularized terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode, and ion. It was largely due to his efforts that electricity became viable for use in technology.
His father, James Faraday, was a Yorkshire blacksmith who suffered ill health throughout his life. After the most basic of school educations, Faraday had to educate himself.
Faraday worked extensively in the field of chemistry, discovering chemical substances, liquefying gases such as chlorine. Faraday also discovered the laws of electrolysis. For these accomplishments, many modern chemists regard Faraday as one of the finest experimental scientists in history. His greatest work was with electricity. He discovered electromagnetic induction. In 1845 he discovered the phenomenon that he named diamagnetism, and what is now called the Faraday effect:
During his lifetime, Faraday rejected a knighthood and twice refused to become President of the Royal Society.
The famous Michael Faraday’s quotations are:
-
“Nothing is too wonderful to be true.”
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“Work. Finish. Publish.” – his well-known advice to the young William Crookes.
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“The important thing is to know how to take all things quietly.”
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“But still try, for who knows what is possible.”
1. ________________________ No, he was a physicist.
2. ________________________ Yes, he does.
3. ________________________ He discovered chemical substances.
4. ________________________ He was a blacksmith.
5. ________________________ Modern chemists.
6. ________________________ He wasn’t ambitious.
Follow-up Activities