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Present

Past

Future

I am

We are

I was

We were

I shall/will

We shall/

be

will be

He is

You are

He was

You were

He will be

You will be

She is

They are

She was

They were

She will be

They’ll be

It is

It was

It will be

"To be" може бути :

1.

Основним дієсловом

I am a reader.

2.

У складі виразу

I am fond of reading.

3.

Для формування часів групи Continuous

I am reading.

4.

Для формування Passive

I am read.

5.

Модальним дієсловом

I am to read.

To be

Expressions

to be afraid (of)

боятися

to be scared

перелякатися

to be glad

радіти

to be happy

бути щасливим

to be delighted

дуже радий

to be pleased (with)

бути задоволеним

to be free

бути вільним

to be busy (with)

бути зайнятим

to be late (for)

запізнюватися

to be in hurry

поспішати

to be ready (with)

бути готовим

to be sure (of)

бути впевненим

211

To be

Expressions

to be sorry

жалкувати

to be tired

втомлюватись

to be sick and tired

набридати

to be nervous (about)

хвилюватися

to be cross (with)

сердитися

to be angry (with)

злитися

to be over

закінчуватися

to be proud (of)

пишатися

to be thirsty

хотіти пити

to be hungry

хотіти їсти

to be born

народитися

to be fond of

любити

to be shy

соромитися

to be o’k(all right)

все добре

to be bad (ill, sick)

хворіти

to be bored

сумувати

to be interested in

бути зацікавленим

I've got a new book.

I have a new book

I haven't got any paper.

I don't have any paper

I

I

I

we

we

we

you

have got

you

have not got

have

you

got?

they

they

they

he

he

he

she

has got

she

has not got

has

she

got?

it

it

it

212

've got = have got

haven't got = have not got

's got = has got

hasn't got = has not got

Present form of have

I

I

I

we

we

we

you

have

you

do not have

do

you

have?

they

they

they

he

he

he

she

has

she

does not have

does

she

have?

it

it

it

Contractions

don't = do not

doesn't = does not

"To have" може бути:

1. Основним дієсловом

I have got a lot of friends.

2. У складі виразу

He has breakfast at 7 a.m.

3. Для формування часів групи

He has read ... .

Perfect

He had translated ... .

4. Модальним дієсловом

I had to translate ... .

(must = have to)

I have to have it.

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS

PERFECT

PERFECT

CONTINUOUS

I do

I am doing

I have done

I have been doning

He/she/it does

He/she/it is doing

he/she/it has done

He/she/it has been

We do

We are doing

We have done

doing

You do

You are doing

You have done

We have been doing

PRESENT

They do

They are doing

They have done

You have been doing

They have been doing

Do I do?

Am I doing?

Have I done?

Have I been doing?

Does he/she/it

Is he/she/it doing?

Has he/she/it done?

Has he/she/it been

do?

doing?

I do not do

I am not doing

I have not done

I have not been doing

He/she/it does

He/she/it is not doing

He/she/it has not

He/she/it has not been

not do

done

doing

I did

I was doing

I had done

I had been doing

He/she/it did

He/she/it was doing

He/she/it had done

He/she/it had been

PAST

We did

We were doing

We had done

doing

You did

You were doing

You had done

We had been doing

They did

They were doing

They had done

You had been doing

They had been doing

Did I do?

Was I doing?

Had I done?

Had I been doing?

I did not do

I was not doing

I had not done

I had not been doing

I shall/will do

I shall/will be doing

I shall/will have done

I shall/will have been

He/she/it will

He/she/it will be

He/she/it will have

doing

do

doing

done

He/she/it will have

We shall do

We shall be doing

We shall have done

been doing

You will do

You will be doing

You will have done

We shall have been

They will do

They will be doing

They will have done

doing

You will have been

doing

They will have been

FUTURE

doing

Shall/Will I/we

Shall/Will I/we be

Shall/Will I/we have

Shall/Will I/we have

do?

doing?

done?

been doing?

Will he/she/it

Will he/she/it be

Will he/she/it have

Will he/she/it have

do?

doing?

done?

been doing?

Will you/they

Will you/they be

Will you/they have

Will you/they have

do?

doing?

done?

been doing?

I/we shall/will

I/we shall/will not be

I/we shall/will not

I/we shall not have

not do

doing

have done

been doing

He/she/it/you/

He/she/it/you/

He/she/it/you/

He/she/it/you/

they will not do

they will not be doing

they will not have

they will not have been

done

doing

PRESENT

PRESENT

PRESENT

PRESENT

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS

PERFECT

PERFECT

CONTINUOUS

a) for permanent

a) for actions taking

a) for an action which

a) to put emphasis

states, repeated

place now, at the

started in the past and

on the duration of an

actions and daily

moment of speaking;

continues up to the

action which started

routines;

present, especially with

in the past and

b) for temporary

state verbs such as be,

continues up to the

b) for general truths

actions; that is actions

have, like, know, etc.

present, especially

and laws of nature;

that are going on

In this case, we often

with time

around now, but not at

use for and since;

expressions such as

c) for timetables

the actual moment of

for, since, all

(planes, trains, etc.)

speaking;

b) for an action which

morning/day/ year,

and programmes;

recently finished and

etc.;

c) with adverb such as:

whose result is visible

d) for sports

always, constantly,

in the present;

b) for an action

commentaries,

continually etc. for

which started in the

reviews and

actions which happen

c) for an action which

past and lasted for

narrations;

very often, usually to

happened at an unstated

some time. The

express annoyance,

time in the past. The

action may have

e) to give instructions

irritation or anger;

exact time is not

finished or may still

or directions (instead

mentioned because it is

be going on. The

of the imperative).

d) for actions that we

either unknown or

result of the action is

have already arranged

unimportant. The

visible in the

to do in the near future,

emphasis is placed on

present;

especially when the

the action.

time and place have

c) to express anger,

been decided;

d) for an action which

irritation or

has happened within a

annoyance.

e) for changing or

specific time period

developing situations.

which is not over at the

Note!

moment of speaking.

With the verbs live,

We often use words

work, teach and feel

and expressions such as

(= have a particular

today, this morning/

emotion) we can use

evening/week/month,

the present perfect or

etc.

present perfect

continuous with no

Note!

difference in

We use the present

meaning.

perfect to announce a

We have worked /

piece of news and the

have been working

past simple or past

here for twenty

continuous to give more

years.

details about it.

PRESENT

PRESENT

PRESENT

PRESENT

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS

PERFECT

PERFECT

CONTINUOUS

The present simple is

The present

The present perfect is

The present perfect

used with the following

continuous is used

used with the following

continuous is used

time expressions:

with the following

time expressions: for,

with the following

usually, often, always,

time expressions:

since, already, just,

time expressions:

etc., every day / week /

now, at the

ever, never, so far,

for, since, how long,

month/ year, in the

moment, at present,

today, this week /

lately, recently.

morning / afternoon /

these days, still,

month, etc., how long,

evening, at night, at

nowadays, today,

lately, recently, still (in

the weekend, on

tonight, etc.

negations), etc.

Mondays, etc.

Note!

Adverbs of frequency

We use the present

(always, usually,

perfect to put emphasis

often, sometimes,

on number and the

seldom / rarely /

present continuous to put

never, etc.) come

emphasis on duration.

before the main verb

(read, work, etc.) but

after the verb to be,

auxiliary verbs (do,

have, etc.) or modal

verbs (can, should,

etc.).

PAST

PAST

PAST

PAST PERFECT

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS

PERFECT

CONTINUOUS

a) for an action which

a) for an action which

a) for an action which

a) to put emphasis

happened at a definite

was in progress at a

happened before

on the duration of an

time in the past. The

stated time in the past.

another past action or

action which started

time is stated, already

We do not mention

before a stated time in

and finished in the

known or implied;

when the action started

the past;

past before another

or finished;

past action or a

b) for actions which

b) for an action which

stated time in the

happened

b) for an action which

finished in the past and

past, usually with

immediately one

was in progress when

whose result was

since or for;

after the other in the

another action

visible in the past.

past;

interrupted it. We use

b) for an action

the past continuous for

which lasted for

c) for past habits or

the action in progress

some time in the past

states which are now

(longer action) and the

and whose result was

finished. In such cases

past simple for the

visible in the past.

we can also use the

action which

expression used to.

interrupted it (shorter

action);

c) for two or more

simultaneous past

actions;

d) to describe the

atmosphere, setting,

etc. in the introduction

to a story before we

describe the main

events.

PAST

PAST

PAST

PAST PERFECT

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS

PERFECT

CONTINUOUS

The past simple is used

The past

The past perfect is used with

The past perfect

with the following time

continuous is used

the following time

continuous is used

expressions: yesterday,

with the following

expressions: before, after,

with the following

then, when, How long

time expressions:

already, just, for, since, till

time expressions:

ago...?, last night /

while, when, as,

/ until, when, by, by the

for, since, how

week / month / year /

all morning /

time, never, etc.

long, before, until,

Tuesday, etc., three

evening / day /

Note:

etc.

days / weeks, etc. ago,

night, etc.

We can use the past perfect

in 1997, etc.

or the past simple with

before or after without any

difference in meaning.

218

FUTURE SIMPLE

BE GOING TO

FUTURE

FUTURE PERFECT

CONTINUOUS

decisions taken at the

actions intended

actions in progress at

actions finished before

moment of speaking

to be performed

a stated future time

a stated future time

(on-the-spot decisions)

in the near

future

hopes, fears, threats,

planned actions

actions which are the

Note: by or not …

offers, promises,

or intentions

result of a routine

until/till are used with

warnings, predictions,

(instead of the

Future Perfect.

requests, comments etc,

Present Continuous)

Until/till are normally

esp. with: expect, hope,

used with Future

believe, I’m sure, I’m

Perfect only in

afraid, probably etc

negative sentences.

actions or predictions

evidence that

when we ask politely

FUTURE PERFECT

which may (not)

something will

about people’s

CONT.

happen in the future or

definitely

arrangements to see

duration of an action

actions which we

happen in the

if they can do sth for

up to a certain time in

cannot control and will

near future

us or because we

the future

inevitably happen

want to offer to do

sth for them

things we are not yet

things we are

PRESENT

PRESENT

sure about or we

sure about or we

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS

haven’t decided to do

have already

(with future

(with future

yet

decided to do in

meaning)

meaning)

the near future.

timetables /

fixed arrangements

programmes

in the near future

SHALL IS USED:

WILL IS USED:

with I/we in questions, suggestions,

to express offers, threats, promises,

offers or when asking for advice.

predictions, warnings, requests, hopes,

fears, on-the-spot decisions, comments

(mainly with: think, expect, believe, I’m

sure, hope, know, suppose and probably).

TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH:

FUTURE SIMPLE & BE

FUTURE PERFECT

FUTURE PERFECT

GOING TO

CONTINUOUS

tomorrow, tonight, next

before, by, by then, by the

by … for

week/month, in two/three etc

time, (until is used only in

days, the day after tomorrow,

negative sentences with this

soon, in a week/month etc

tense)

first, the fourth, the thousandth).

1. Mind the pronunciation

15 −

fifteen

50 − fifty

16 −

sixteen

60 − sixty

2

− two thirds

5

− five sixths

3

6