МЕТ_1к_1ч

SPEAKING

29.Discuss the following questions in small groups.

1.Does being intelligent matter, or are the other things more important? Give your reasons.

2.Are the person’s happiness and ability to adapt related to how intelligent they are? Prove it.

3.Are puzzles, intelligence tests and so on a waste of time? Give your reasons.

30.Work in pairs. Read the description of the roles and act out your dialogue.

Student A

You have just won the Brain of Ukraine contest for the fifth time running. You are being interviewed by a journalist about how you have managed to acquire so much knowledge. You will also be asked for advice for young hopefuls.

Student B

You are a journalist who is interviewing Student A about his / her repeated successes in the Brain of Ukraine contest. You are sure that he / she has some special secret of being the first these five times. You also ask him / her for advice for young contenders who are going to participate in the future contests.

31.Work in pairs. Use phrases from each group to make two questions. Ask other students your questions.

32.Look at the pictures and make up a student's story of passing IQ test yesterday. Use Past Simple Tense.

33.You are a famous lecturer. The topic of your next lecture is "The IQ and Intelligence". Cover the following points:

Definition of Intelligence;

What IQ Tests Measure;

History of Intelligence Testing;

Tasks of IQ Tests;

IQ Testing: Pros and Cons.

34.Use the information from Units 3−4 and prepare a three-minute talk for the students’ conference on intelligence, IQ tests and memory.

LISTENING

You are going to listen to the part of a lecture on IQ. Be ready to do the tasks

below:

35.Before you listen, check if you know what the following words and phrases mean: to research, the tasks were tailored, to introduce, to improve, to examine, to overcome this obstacle, totally, different assumptions, average, to attain.

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36. Decide whether the facts the lecture contains are true (T) or false (F).

1.British psychologist Alfred Binet is the author of the first IQ test.

2.The first IQ tests measured children’s intellectual development.

3.The term intelligence quotient was coined by a German scientist.

4.When defining IQ of a person according to the formula, the real age of the person wasn’t taken into consideration.

5.The process of mental development stops at the age of 16.

6.According to the Wechsler scale, an average IQ test score is 100 points.

7.Geniuses are people with IQ more than 175 points.

37.Complete the sentences with information from the lecture.

1.To become a Mensa member you should have an IQ of at least ……… .

2.The first intelligence tests were created to measure ……….. .

3.The tasks in the Binet and Simon tests were adapted to …. .

4.According to the Wechsler scale, results below …………..

mean low intelligence.

5.Mensa gathers the most intelligent ………. of the population.

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WRITING

38.Choose any 5 phrases from exercise 16 and use them in your own sentences.

39.Choose one quotation from Exercise 3 and comment it on (40−70 words each). Follow the instruction.

When you write comments, try to keep these things in mind:

Write only relevant information.

Express your ideas logically.

Use the correct spelling, punctuation, grammar.

Read over your comment to check if it makes sense.

Edit your comment if it is necessary.

40. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian. Student A: sentences 1−4, Student B: sentences 5−8, then check each other and make a back translation. Student A: sentences 5−8, Student B: sentences 1−4.

1."The trouble with the world is that the stupid are cocksure and the intelligent full of doubt."

Bertrand Russell

2."The world is governed more by appearances than by realities, so that it is fully as necessary to seem to know something as to know it."

Daniel Webster

3.Research carried out in Sweden indicated that people whose intelligence quotient amounts to over 115 points have a greater chance to attain the age of seventy-six.

4.Leonardo da Vinci, whose IQ was estimated at 220, is hailed the most intelligent person in the history of humankind.

5.Albeit the modern IQ tests claim to calculate agility of 13 main abilities − visual apprehension, spatial apprehension, arithmetic, logic, general

knowledge, spelling, route utilization, intuition, short term memory,

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geometry, algebra, vocabulary and computational speed − there is a strong

bias towards mathematical comprehension.

6.Mensa has three stated purposes: to identify and foster human intelligence for the benefit of humanity, to encourage research in the nature, characteristics and uses of intelligence, and to promote stimulating intellectual and social opportunities for its members.

7.Genius is a combination of three 'I's: intellect, imagination and intuition. Every genius is partially a mystic at heart. With a high IQ, you might be a computer whiz.

8."Common sense is as rare as genius."

Ralph Waldo Emerson

41.Write some advice (40−60 words) for students’ campus leaflet on how to raise your IQ level and, hence, to improve your academic performance.

Useful words and phrases:

to enhance the brain power; to play logic / strategy games; the ability to draw connections between things; to solve problems; to adapt to new situations; to do logic and lateral thinking puzzles; to

practise crosswords and sudoku; to exercise the body; to study art and architecture; new experiences; to break your habit; to ignore limiting stereotypes; to be observant; to listen to classical music; to read books; don't stop learning

PROBLEM-SOLVING

42. Try to find solutions (see the PROBLEM-SOLVING section to Unit 4).

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Unit 5: THE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF THE NATURE OF SCIENCE:

DISPELLING THE MYTHS

True science teaches us to doubt and, in ignorance, to refrain.

Claude Bernard

WARM-UP

1.In pairs, discuss the following questions.

1.What is science?

2.What is the role of science in our life?

3.Does science have limits? Give your reasons.

4.What is the difference between inventions and discoveries?

5.What are the most important inventions and discoveries over history to your mind?

2.Comment on the following science checklist.

Science checklist: Science ..... .

focuses on the natural world

aims to explain the natural world

uses testable ideas

relies on evidence

involves the scientific community

leads to ongoing research

benefits from scientific behaviour

3.Test yourself. Which of these are inventions, and which are discoveries?

Air conditioning (1902), the theory of relativity (1915), Kepler's laws (1609), audiotape (1928), cosmic microwave background radiation (1964), automated teller machine (ATM) (1968), barometer (1643), proton (1919), compact disc (CD) (1980).

Inventions:

Discoveries:

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4.Give definitions to the words (as you are writing them for scientific encyclopedia).

solution, bacterium, atmosphere, smart phone, balance, limit, code, security, information, antivirus, technology, confidential, cyber attacks, calculator, unauthorized access, gravitation, radiation, chaos, rotation, atom

5.Discuss the quotations in pairs.

1."Science is the systematic classification of experience."

George Henry Lewes

2. "Science is the desire to know causes."

William Hazlitt

3. "Science increases our power in proportion as it lowers our pride."

Claude Bernard

4. "Innocence about science is the worst crime today."

Sir Charles Percy Snow

5."Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and to think what nobody else has thought."

Albert Szent-Györgi

6."It is a capital mistake to theorise before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories instead of theories to suit facts."

Sherlock Holmes

7. "The eternal mystery of the world is its comprehensibility."

Albert Einstein

8."You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him find it within himself."

Galileo Galilei

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READING

6.Underline the stressed syllable in each word as in the example. Practise reading.

virtually, accurately, orchestrated, experiments, experimentation, techniques, observations, misconception, hallmarks, laboratories, crucial

7.Read the text about the principal elements of the nature of science. Four sentences have been removed from the text. Choose from sentences A−E the one which fits each gap (1−5).

8.Answer the following questions.

1.What is involved in true experiments?

2.Do you agree with the following statement: "The experiments are the principal route to scientific knowledge"? Why (not)?

3.Are science and technology the same? Give your reasons.

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4.What is the difference between pure and applied science?

5.Is science a solitary pursuit? Why (not)?

THE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF THE NATURE OF SCIENCE:

DISPELLING THE MYTHS

MYTH 1: Experiments are the principal route to scientific knowledge

Throughout their school science careers, students are encouraged to associate science with experimentation.

Virtually all hands-on experiences that students have in science class are called experiments even if they would more accurately be labeled as technical procedures, explorations or activities. True experiments involve carefully orchestrated procedures accompanied by control and test groups. 1 ____. Of course, true experimentation is a useful tool in science, but is not the sole route to knowledge.

Many noteworthy scientists have used non-experimental techniques to advance knowledge. In fact, in a number of science disciplines, true experimentation is not possible because of the inability to control variables. Many fundamental discoveries in astronomy are based on extensive observations rather than experiments. 2 ___.

MYTH 2: Science and technology are identical

A common misconception is the idea that science and technology are the same. In fact, many believe that television, rockets, computers and even refrigerators are science, but one of the hallmarks of science is that it is not necessarily practical while refrigerators certainly are. 3 ___ .

Today, most investigators are working on problems that are at least in part directed from outside their laboratories. Scientists typically blend the quest of pure science in order to solve a technology challenge. In many ways the distinction between pure and applied science is not crucial, but it is interesting to explore what

motivates scientists to work on their problems. Few scientists have the luxury

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to pursue any goal they choose since most scientific work is funded by organizations with an agenda. 4 ____ .

MYTH 3: Science is a solitary pursuit

Most would likely accept the premise that science builds on prior work, but that essentially great scientific discoveries are made by great scientists. Even the Nobel prizes recognize the achievements of individual scientists rather than research teams. Therefore, science must be a solitary and individual pursuit. Sociologists of science who study scientists at work have shown that only rarely does a scientific idea arise in the mind of an individual which is then validated by that individual alone and accepted by the scientific community. The process is much more like a negotiation than the revelation of truth. 5 _____ . Many problems in science are simply too complex for a sole individual to pursue alone due to constraints of time, intellectual capital and financing.

William F. McComas

9.Look through the list of words and phrases and check if you know their Ukrainian equivalents. Take turns to ask each other. Use the MINIDICTIONARY section to Unit 5 if necessary.