МЕТ_1к_1ч

27.Work in pairs. You are going to read the descriptions of some important for the history of mankind experiments (see the EXTRA READING

section to Unit 6). Student A reads about Darwin's flowers, Student B reads about the first vaccination. Ask each other questions to fill in the chart.

Darwin's flowers

The first

vaccination

28.Work in pairs. You are talking about science and beauty with your groupmate. Act out your dialogue starting with the suggested question.

A:Are beauty and science compatible?

B:___________________________________________________

A:___________________________________________________

B:___________________________________________________

A:___________________________________________________

B:___________________________________________________

29.Do you agree with the following statements? Discuss them with your groupmates.

A.Some hundred years from now, art and science may well share a common language. As technology advances, could a new visual language emerge to blur or even obliterate the distinction between art and science?

B.Perhaps in the future beauty will provide an important criterion for selecting one theory over another, now the theories are emerging which cannot be verified by experimentation as we know it today.

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30.A. Remember the story how D. I. Mendeleyev developed the periodic classification of the elements. Do you believe that important discoveries can be made by chance? Give your reasons.

B. What inspired scientists to do the breakthrough in science? Give examples of discoveries / inventions that were made in unusual circumstances. Try to find information about any of such inventions or discoveries and prepare a short story for your groupmates.

LISTENING

31.You are going to listen to the description of an experiment testing the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis. Before you listen, check if you know the meaning of the words: glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, ammonia, cellular enzymes.

32.Decide whether the facts from the lecture are true (T) or false (F).

1.In 1989, biochemists John Haldane and Aleksander Oparin hypothesized independently that Earth's early atmosphere lacked free oxygen.

2.Basic organic compounds are proteins and nucleic acids.

3.The ocean in the experiment was represented by a warmed plate with water.

4.Organic compounds could form from simple molecules if stimulated by lightning.

5.The Earth's early oxygen-free atmosphere was mostly composed of helium, methane and ammonia.

6.Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.

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33.In 1958, President Eisenhower signed the Space Act, officially creating the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration. From the beginning, the purpose for the new branch extended beyond space ships and moon boots. The law stipulated that its research and advancements should benefit all people, and in its 50-year history, NASA has certainly fulfilled that role.

Listen to the description of two NASA by-products – smoke detector and cordless tools − and complete the sentences with information from the description.

1.NASA invented the first adjustable smoke detector with different sensitivity levels ……. .

2.The ionization smoke detector uses a radioactive element to spot ……… .

3.The americium-241 ionizes clean air particles, which creates ……… .

4.Black & Decker invented the first battery-powered tools in ……... .

5.NASA needed a tool that astronauts could use to obtain samples ………… .

6.Black & Decker’s computer program for the tool reduced the amount of power expended during use to …….… .

34.Write down adjectives which describe the inventions.

WRITING

35.Choose any four phrases from Exercise 9, 16 and use them in your own sentences.

36.Complete the phrases using your own variants.

1.Science is ..... .

2.The word science comes from the Latin "scientia" ..... .

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3.The aim of scientists is ..... .

4.Beauty and science are ..... .

5.There are four forces of the physical world ..... .

6.Natural sciences ..... .

37. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian. Student A: sentences 1−5, Student B: sentences 6−10, then check each other and translate them back into English. Student A: sentences 6−10, Student B: sentences 1−5.

I.

1.Newton's laws of motion were three fundamental laws of physics that laid the foundation for classical mechanics.

2.In 1668 Newton invented the reflecting telescope. This type of telescope uses mirrors to reflect light and form an image.

3.In 1585, Galileo left the university and got a job as a teacher. He began to experiment with pendulums, levers, balls, and other objects.

4.Galileo tried to describe how the objects moved using mathematical equations. He even invented an advanced measuring device called the hydrostatic balance.

5.Galileo made many discoveries using his telescope including the four large moons around Jupiter and the phases of the planet Venus. He also discovered sunspots and learned that the Moon was not smooth, but was covered with craters.

6.As Galileo studied the planets and the Sun, he became convinced that the Earth and the other planets orbited the Sun. In 1632, he wrote a book called the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.

7.Bell made the first transcontinental telephone call on January 15, 1915. He called Thomas Watson from New York City. Watson was in San Francisco.

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8.Ben Franklin is famous for his experiments with electricity. He did many experiments to prove that lightning is in fact electricity.

9.Lavoisier discovered that water was a compound made of hydrogen and oxygen. Prior to his discovery, scientists throughout history had thought that water was an element.

10.Stephen Hawking spent much of his academic work researching black holes and space-time theories.

II.

1.The past is peppered with true artist-scientists such as Albrecht Dürer and

Leonardo da Vinci, whose studies of projective geometry and perspective led to the concept of infinity in western science.

2.The interstellar gas cloud Sagittarius B contains billion liters of alcohol.

3.Caves breathe. They inhale and exhale great quantities of air when the barometric pressure on the surface changes, and air rushes in and out seeking equilibrium.

4.Artists use scientific equipment and concepts, scientists employ aesthetics. Both deal with visual imagery and metaphor.

5.The average person accidentally eats 430 bugs each year of their life.

6.Polar bears are nearly undetectable by infrared cameras due to their thick fur.

7.Einstein’s aesthetic sense failed him: he dismissed black holes as an ugly solution to a beautiful theory.

8.A dying star might begin an eternal collapse and fall into a well in space from which nothing could escape, not even light − what we now know as a black hole.

9.The beauty of the mathematics of quantum theory turns out to be fine-tuned, linking each symmetry in nature to a law of conservation, such as the conservation of energy and of momentum.

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10.As the ancient Greeks knew, beauty can be enhanced by a small degree of asymmetry. Nature agrees.

38.Write an abstract (4−5 sentences) of the text "A THING OF BEAUTY". You may use the suggested phrases: the text is devoted to …, this text concentrates on ..., it is shown ..., it is reported ..., it is studied ..., the results show ..., the author suggests .... .

39.Scientists should be free to carry out any experiments they like regardless of utility, cost and ethics. Write a short opinion essay (100−120 words) expressing your point of view. An opinion essay should have: an introduction, a main body and a conclusion.

Useful expressions:

to my mind / to my way of thinking; it is my belief / opinion / conviction (that); I am (not) convinced that; I (do not) agree; it seems to me; my opinion is that

40.Look through the Encyclopedia Britannica explanations of some common concepts. Try to guess what concept is being described in each definition.

1.The biologically active porous medium that has developed in the uppermost layer of the Earth’s crust.

2.In botany, dry, hard fruit that does not split open at maturity to release its single seed.

3.Cloud of small water droplets near ground level that is dense enough to reduce horizontal visibility to less than about 1,000m.

4.Reproductive portion of any flowering plant.

5.Large mass of ice that forms on land through the recrystallization of snow and that moves forward under its own weight.

6.Rapid burning of combustible material with the evolution of heat and usually accompanied by flame.

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7.Food product made from cocoa beans, consumed as candy and used to make beverages and as a flavouring ingredient or coating for various confections and bakery products.

8.In geometry, a two-dimensional collection of points, the

boundary of any three-dimensional solid. In chemistry, outermost layer of a material or substance.

9.An animal fibre produced by certain insects as building material for cocoons and webs.

10.A ridge or swell on the surface of a body of water, normally having a forward motion distinct from the oscillatory motion of the particles that successively compose it.

41.Find information about any interesting, strange or important scientific experiments and present the results of your research to the class in the form of a poster or short presentation.

PROBLEM-SOLVING

42.Try to understand pure logic (see the PROBLEM-SOLVING section to Unit 6).

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Unit 7: MATHEMATICS − THE LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE

Mathematics, rightly viewed, posses not only truth, but supreme beauty; a beauty cold and austere like that of sculpture.

Bertrand Russell

WARM-UP

1.Think of as many words as possible related to mathematics. How important is mathematics to you?

2.Work in pairs. Do the quiz to find out how much you know about the origin of mathematics.

WHO INVENTED MATHEMATICS?

1.Euclid collected theorems about polygons and angles − creating Euclidean geometry in a book called The …… .

A Chords

B Elements

C Expansion

D Fundamentals

2.Galileo said that mathematics is the language of …… .

A God

B life

C nature

D the world

3.The earliest known evidence of mathematics is …… .

A angle measurement

B counting

C matrices

D using zero

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4.By the 3rd century B.C., people in India were using the number zero. At first it was represented by a blank space. This was confusing, so it was replaced by a / an …… .

A circle

B dot

C inverted v

D line

5.Plato believed that mathematics exists …… .

A because humans created it

B outside of mankind's ability to understand it

C whether or not humans understand it

D none of the above

6. The fractions used by the ancient Egyptians differed from ours

because …..… .

Amost of them used 1 in the numerator

Bmost of them used 1 in the denominator

Cthey were usually mixed fractions

Dthe ancient Egyptians did not use fractions

7.The oldest written records of mathematics were originally located in …… .

AChina

BEgypt

CIndia

DMesopotamia

8.Leonhard Euler, creator of modern trigonometry, popularized the symbol for …… .

Acube root

Bfactorial

Cinequality

Dpi

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3.In pairs, discuss the following questions.

1.What famous mathematicians who studied or worked at the KPI do you know?

2.When did people begin to apply mathematics?

3.What is the role of paradoxes in the development of mathematics?

4.What skills are necessary to be a mathematician?

5.Can you give any advice on how to develop the ability for fast calculating? Suggest your ways.

4.Discuss the following quotations together.

A. "There are things which seem incredible to most men who have not studied mathematics."

Aristotle

B."As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality."

Albert Einstein

C."Mathematics is the queen of sciences and arithmetic is the queen of mathematics."

Carl Friedrich Gauss

D."Film is one of the three universal languages, the other two: mathematics and music."

Frank Capra

E. "The essence of mathematics lies in its freedom."

Georg Cantor

F."To most outsiders, modern mathematics is unknown territory. Its borders are protected by dense thickets of technical terms; its landscapes are a mass of indecipherable equations and incomprehensible concepts."

Ivars Peterson

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