I. Read the words with the following sounds:

[jH] – use, usually, produce, human, continue, consecutive.

[A] - thus, grub, stump, must, number.

[W] – turn, purpose, burn, return.

[kw] – require, equip, quite, quality, quantity.

II. Learn the words from the vocabulary.

1. LNG (liquefied natural gas) [¸lIkwI`faId] – (СПГ) сжиженный природный газ

2. handle, v [hxndl] – транспортировать

3. tertiary, a [`tWSqrI] - третичный

4. pattern, n [`pxtqn] – форма

5. barge, n [`bRG] – баржа

II. Use the information in the box to ask and answer questions about Igor Kinsky.

1. Company	a Russian oil company
2. Job	driller
3. Where	Kazakhstan
4. A typical day	supervise the drilling crew
5. Hours per day	12
6. Start and finish	7 a.m. to 7 p.m.
7. Like	good money

III. Read the text and complete the table below.

There are some very big numbers in the oil and gas industry.

The world uses about 85 million barrels of oil per day. A barrel is 159 litres. So that’s more than thirteen billion litres a day. Thirteen billion litres a day is about 560 million litres per hour.

So oil companies need to produce a lot of oil and they need to produce it fast.

There are about 40,000 oil and gas fields in the world. Most of them are small fields, but some are very big. The biggest is the Ghawar field in Saudi Arabia. This very big field is 280 km long and 30 km wide. The Saudi national oil company, Saudi Aramco, operates the field and produces about five million barrels of iol a day. That’s a lot of oil! Five million barrels is 790,000 cubic metres: 790,000 cubic metres every day.

Ghawar also produces about 57 million cubic metres of natural gas per day.

Oil: the world uses …	a) __________________bbl/d b)__________________l/d c)__________________l/hr
Number of oil and gas fields in the world	d)__________________
The biggest field (Ghawar) location size oil production (bb/d) oil production (m³/d) gas production (m³/d)	e)__________________ f)__________________ g)__________________ h)__________________ i)___________________

Reading The Distribution System

1. As liquid hydrocarbons, oil or LNC, flow from the wellhead to the consumer, patterns of ownership change along the course. Let us see how the distribution system functions. The United States will serve as the example, since it is the world’s single biggest petroleum market and since other distribution systems follow the general pattern.

2. The U.S. distribution system has three parts. What is called the primary distribution system handles crude oil and products from the wellhead to large bulk terminals for petroleum products. The secondary distribution system divides the large quantities of product from large bulk terminals into smaller quantities for delivery to retail outlets and smaller bulk storage facilities. The tertiary system includes storage facilities and inventories of product consumers.

3. The primary distribution system begins at the lease tank, a storage unit near the producing well. Crude oil moves from there into gathering pipelines or tank trucks. Gathering pipelines may connect to larger trunk pipelines or to loading stations for trucks, barges, or rail tank cars. The crude may travel to a storage terminal or directly to a refinery, where it usually spends more time in a storage tank. Imported crude oil arrives by tanker for unloading at marine terminals, which have storage capacity and pipeline links to refineries or trunk pipelines. Crude oil purchased by the U.S. government goes into storage facilities of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.

4. Refineries have storage tanks for crude, intermediate products (those requiring further processing), and finished products. The finished products move from refinery storage by pipeline, tank truck, barge or tanker toward a general market area, stopping usually at the large bulk terminal that represents the end of the primary distribution system.

5. The secondary distribution system includes localized storage facilities and retail outlets. The storage at this stage usually involves wholesale bulk plants that receive products by tank car or truck. From wholesale storage, products move to tanks at retail outlets, including service stations and retail fuel oil dealers.

6. Storage in the tertiary distribution system includes everything from fuel tanks for boilers at factories to fuel oil tanks in homes, to gasoline tanks in automobiles. Sometimes products move directly from the primary distribution system to the tertiary system. High-volume fuel users often invest in direct transportation links to the primary system in order to avoid the costs of the secondary system. Large airlines, for example, purchase jet fuel directly from refineries where logistics are favourable.

7. Downstream of refineries, product ownership can change several times. Especially in the case of gasoline, this is not always apparent because of widespread brend identification with oil companies. A motorist filling up at a service station identified by the brand of a major refiner indeed buys that refiner’s gasoline, but the station attendant may or may not be an employee of the refiner. In fact, the attendant probably works for an independent business preson who owns the station and pays for the right to use the refiner’s brand. The station owner might also be an investment company operating stations on behalf of the refiner.

8. When crude oil comes out of the ground, then, it and its derivatives most likely will have several owners before a consumer buys the finished. Each of these chandes in ownership implies a business transaction. Petroleum changes many hands and rings many cash registers, as it passes through production, processing, and distribution systems.

[Источник: L. Lansford, D’Arcy Vallance. Oil and Gas. Student’s Book. Oxford University Press, 2011. – 136c., c. 88.]