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II. Match the jobs with the descriptions.

Jobs

1. crane operator 5. maintenance technician

2. driller 6. pipe-fitter

3. geologist 7. production operator

4. geotechnician 8. roughneck

Descriptions

a) studies rocks

b) operates equipment to help geologists

c) supervises a drilling crew

d) works in a drilling crew under the driller’s supervision

e) operates a machine for lifting and moving heavy things

f) fits pipes to make a pipeline

g) services and repairs machines and equipment

h) checks and operates production equipment

Grammar exercises

I. Use the words in the box only once to complete the sentences in Table a. The meaning of the sentences in Table b will help you.

able cannot could had have might must

needn’t mustn’t ought should will

Table A

Table B

1. I …… have left my bag on the bus.

expressing certainty

2. In a few months I’ll be …… to buy a car.

expressing future ability

3. I …… drive when I was thirteen years old!

Expressing past ability

4. No, you …… have any more pocket money!

refusing a request

5. I think you …… consider a career in the armed forces.

giving advice

6. I …… forget to phone Julie tonight.

expressing personal obligation

7. I …… to have a filling at the dentist’s.

expressing external obligation in the past

8. You don’t …… to do Exercise D for homework.

expressing a lack of obligation

9. You …… have to work a lot harder if you want to get a good report.

expressing future obligation

10. They …… to arrive at about 8,

expressing probability

11. Sean …… have got stuck in traffic.

expressing possibility

12. I …… have worried so much about Jan’s present. She loved it.

expressing a lack of past obligation

II. Write a modal or semi-modal in each gap to replace the phrase in brackets. Add any other words you need.

1. Bruce … (is able to) finish most crosswords in under ten minutes.

2. Charlotte didn’t get to the Craig David concert because she …… (wasn’t able to) get tickets.

3. I …… (had the opportunity to go) to Oxford but I decided to go to a more modern university.

4. You …… (were wrong to tell) Angus. You know he can’tbkeep a secret!

5. If you have a cashpoint card, you …… (are not forced to) go into the bank to get money from your account.

6. We …… (were made to) apologise to the police for wasting their time.

7. That …… (almost definitely wasn’t) the last can of soda in the fridge. I bought loads this morning!

8. …… (Were you obliged to) talk about two photographs during the interview?

9. Children …… (are not allowed to) be left unattended.

10. The weather …… (will probably) be good tomorrow.

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