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1. What is the effect of soluble salts in the ground?

2. What is the cause of scaling?

3. Which factor determines the amount of scaling?

4. What is a property of scale?

5. What are four possible effects resulting from a property of scale?

6. What is the function of removable plates in boilers?

1. To be able to de-scale the inside of the boiler

2. Heat is prevented from passing through the walls of the boiler.

The efficiency of the boiler is reduced.

The boiler walls may overheat

The boiler plates may burn out causing leaks.

3. Soluble salts in the ground cause hard water.

4. The temperature of the water

5. Scale is a bad conductor of heat

6. Scaling is caused by deposits made by hard water when it is heated.

THE EFFECTS OF THE SURFACE ARE/VOLUME RATIO IN THE ARCHITECTURE

The relation between surface area and volume has many effects on the performance of buildings. For example, the rate at which a building gains or losses heat through its walls depends on its surface area and inversely proportional to volume. Thus, a building with a proportionately large surface area, such as a one room house, will lose or gain heat relatively rapidly. Conversely, a building with a large volume in relation to its surface area, such as a block of flats, will retain more heat.

Heat losses from a building are reduced by using insulating materials such as expanded polystyrene. Thickness of insulation is inverse proportion to heat transfer.

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The higher the ratio between surface area and volume, The lower the ratio between surface are and volume, The smaller the size of the building, The larger the size of the building, The thicker the insulation of a building, The more compact the shape of a building, The less compact the shape of a building

the more quickly it gains or loses heat the more it retains heat the faster the rate of heat transfer the less it retains heat the more slowly it gains or loses heat the slower the rate of heat transfer

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Water and air pollution problems.

Water and air pollution are the two main factors that destroy the environment in big cities. Paris has no industry, so the Seine is not polluted by industrial effluents but by sewer waters. However, this problem is being solved by building pollution control stations in a Paris suburb. The sewage is channeled into them and cleansed before it goes into the Seine. When visiting these installations, one can often see how pure water the processed water is – the engineers who work there drink it quite cheerfully.

Water is purified by mechanical and biological methods. The purified water is treated with chlorine and released into the rivers, whence it enters the water supply systems where it undergoes further and finer treatment.

Air is mainly polluted by heating systems and cars. When you look at a modern city from a hill top you get the impression of vapour (smog) lingering over the city especially when there are no winds which can air the city. However, when there is no wind they have smog. As regards heating, mazut and gas are used rather than coal for last years. The poisoned air is the most modern quarters of the city.

District heating is an effective method. Several heat-and-power plants generate steam, which is piped underground all round the city.

As for cars you know, of course, how heavy traffic is in big cities. The slower the traffic, the more exhaust fumes are. This problem will be solved in the near future.

The acuteness of the problem depends on how well the country is developed and on the number of the cars. Many of these problems are international in nature.