It should be said that the construction of such gates is a sort of revolution and has no analogy in modern world practice.

Motor-car highway—24.4 kilometres long and 35 metres wide runs along the top of the dams and bridges over the spillways and twice it "dives" into the tunnels under the bottom of the channels. The length of the southern tunnel is some 2,000 metres and that of the northern one is 1,400 metres.

The construction of the highway is paid great attention to. According to the General Plan for the development of the city it is to become the outer part of the 150 km ring motor-road which will be built around the city.

However, the construction of the dam aroused hot discussions, the opposition was very strong. As a result the work was stopped half-way.

Some years later it became evident that it was a grave error and that the defence system should be built. The present government of St. Petersburg is doing everything possible to resume and finish the construction to prevent the city from serious damages.

Ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту. Полученные ответы переведите на русский язык.

1. What was the starting point for the construction of a flood defence system of the city?

2. Why was it decided to build the giant hydroengineering complex to protect St.Petersburg from floods?

3. What does the hydroengineering complex look like?

4. How does this complex act?

5. Is there any analogy of such a construction in the world?

6. How should the motor-car highway be designed according to the General Plan?

7. Why does the present government of St.Petersburg decide to resume the construction the defence system to prevent the city from serious damages?

V. Прочитайте текст и выполните задание после текста Drainage, Sewerage and Sewage

Drainage is a general term applied to fluid flow along all pipes or open channels which takes liquid wastes or rain water. A land drain is usually a pipe buried in farm land but it may also be an open channel. In a dry hot climate, drains are rarely needed, and irrigation channels or pipes bring water to the fields instead of taking it away.

Sewage however is rather different. It is the liquid, usually domestic wastes from a community, and it must be carefully distinguished from sewerage. Sewerage means mainly the pipes or drains which carry sewage but can include all: sewage collection, treatment and removal.

Sewerage systems are either "separate" or "combined". In separate systems the rain water is passed through a different drain from the sanitary sewer containing the sewage and they are therefore more expensive than drains but the sewage treat­ment is easier.

Закончите следующее предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста. Полученные предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Drainage is …

2. Sewage is …

3. Sewerage is …

Вариант 5

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Other factors will not influence the operation of this system.

A great variety of reasons causes the pollution of ground water.

For three years these scientists have studied the atmospheric transformation of natural substances that pollute the atmosphere.

b) Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на страдательный залог (Simple Passive)

1. These systems will be proposed to improve air quality in a building.

2. Different methods are used to store radioactive wastes, depending upon their physical forms and radioactivity

3. He was offered to work with the architect of whom he had heard much before.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и определите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или составной частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Another promising field for the production of electric power is the use of ocean tides.

2. At present most of the power required is obtained mainly from two sources.

3. The power produced by hydroelectric plants, even if increased many times, will be able to provide for only a small fraction of the power required in the near future.

4. The efficiency reached when gener­ating power from atomic fuel is not high, namely 40 per cent.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Scientists are to solve these and many other problems.

2. What has to be done in order to apply it extensively in the economy?

3. It should be noted that the generation of elec­tricity by these conventional processes

is highly uneconom­ic.

4. Hydrogene can be transported over large distances using conventional pipe­lines.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст. Выполните задание после текста.

SOURCES OF POWER

1. The industrial progress of mankind is based on power: power for industrial plants, machines, heating and light­ing systems, transport, communication. In fact, one can hardly find a sphere where power is not required.

2. At present most of the power required is obtained mainly from two sources. One is from the burning of fossil fuels, i. e. coal, natural gas and oil. The second way of producing electricity is by means of generators that get their power from steam or water turbines. Elec­tricity so produced then flows through transmission lines to houses, industrial plants, enterprises, etc.

It should be noted, however, that the generation of elec­tricity by these conventional processes is highly uneconom­ic. Actually, only about 40 per cent of heat in the fuel is converted into electricity. Besides, the world resources of fossil fuels are not ever-lasting. On the other hand,² the power produced by hydroelectric plants, even if increased many times, will be able to provide for only a small fraction of the power required in the near future. Therefore much effort and thought is being given to other means of generating electricity.

3. One is the energy of hot waters. Not long ago we began utilizing hot underground water for heating and hot water supply, and in some cases, for the generation of electricity. Another promising field for the production of electric power is the use of ocean tides. Our engineers are en­gaged in designing tidal power stations of various capacities. The first station utilizing this principle began operating in Russia on the Barents Sea in 1968.

4. The energy of the sun which is being used in various ways represents a practically unlimited source. Using atomic fuel for the production of electricity is highly promising. It is a well-known fact, that one pound of uranium contains as much energy as three million pounds of coal, so cheap power can be provided wherever it is required. However, the efficiency reached when gener­ating power from atomic fuel is not high, namely 40 per cent.

5. No wonder, therefore, that scientists all over the world are doing their best³ to find more efficient ways of gene­rating electricity directly from the fuel. They already succeeded in developing some processes which are much more efficient, as high as 80 per cent, and in creating a number of devices capable of giving a higher efficiency. Scientists are hard at work ⁴ trying to solve these and many other problems.

Notes on the Text

1. i. e. (лат. id est) =that is — то есть

2. on the other hand — с другой стороны;

3. to do one's best — делать все возможное

4. hard at work — упорно работают

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту. Полученные предложения переведите на русский язык.