- •Строительство зданий
- •Lesson 1
- •I. Read and translate the following words:
- •II. Learn the following words and word combinations to the text:
- •III. Form the nouns adding the suffixes and translate them into Russian.
- •IV. Point out the suffixes of the following words and the parts of speech they form. Make sentences with the words.
- •V. Read and translate the text cement
- •VI. Put in the correct prepositions.
- •VII. Translate the sentences into English.
- •VIII. Answer the following questions.
- •IX. Speak about cement as one of the popular binding materials in construction. Make use of the following expressions:
- •I. Put the verbs in brackets in the form of the Past Simple Tense.
- •II. Read the following note and put the verbs into the correct form of the Present Simple, Present Continuous or Past Simple.
- •III. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the Past Simple Tense.
- •IV. Ten years ago Jerry was a student. Now he is a lawyer. Use the prompts to ask and answer questions about Jerry, as in the example.
- •Lesson 2
- •I. Read and translate the following words:
- •II. Learn the following words and word combinations to the text:
- •III. Put all possible questions to the sentences.
- •IV. Read and translate the text brick
- •V. Put in the correct prepositions.
- •VI. Translate the sentences into English.
- •VII. Answer the following questions.
- •VIII. Speak about brick as the first artificial building material made by man. Make use of the key word combinations and expressions.
- •I. Match Column a to Column b.
- •II. Make short exchanges using the prompts below, as in the example.
- •III. Fill in the gaps with have/has been или have/has gone.
- •IV. Выберите наиболее подходящее к данному предложению слово из двух предложенных.
- •IV. Fill in the gaps with since or for, as in the example.
- •Lesson 3
- •I. Read and translate the following words:
- •II. Learn the following words and word combinations to the text:
- •III. Give the synonyms to the following words and translate them into Russian.
- •IV. Read and translate the text concrete
- •V. Put in the correct prepositions.
- •VI. Translate the sentences into English.
- •VII. Answer the following questions.
- •VIII. Speak about concrete as one of the main building materials today. Make use of the key words and expressions.
- •Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the present perfect simple.
- •In this exercise you have to put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.
- •Lesson 4
- •I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Learn the following words and word combinations:
- •III. Read and translate the text. Parts of a building
- •IV. Memorize the following antonyms:
- •V. Match the English and Russian definitions using Fig. 3:
- •VI. Answer the following questions.
- •Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the past perfect.
- •II. Join the sentences using the words in brackets and putting the verbs into the correct tense, as in the example.
- •VII. Speak about the main parts of a building and their functions.
- •Lesson 5
- •I. Read and translate the following words:
- •II. Learn the following words and word combinations:
- •III. Read and translate the text. Floors
- •IV. Translate the sentences into English.
- •V. Give the synonyms to the following words:
- •I. Rewrite the sentences below in the passive, as in the example.
- •Fill in the gaps with the correct passive tense of the verbs in brackets.
- •III. Fill in the gaps with is, was, has or will, as in the example.
- •Lesson 6
- •I. Read and translate the following words.
- •II. Learn the following words and word combinations to the text:
- •III. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •IV. Form the verbs from the following nouns and translate them:
- •V. Memorize the following antonyms:
- •VI. Read and translate the text. Walls
- •VII. Match the English and Russian definitions using Fig. 2.:
- •VIII. Read the information given below and answer the following questions.
- •Constructive scheme of a large-panel house with longitudinal loadbearing walls
- •IX. Study the constructive scheme shown in Fig.3.
- •X. Match the English and Russian equivalents using Fig. 3:
- •XI. Study the information and answer the questions.
- •XII. Answer the following questions.
- •I. Use the prompts to make sentences in the passive, as in the example.
- •II. Fill in the gaps with the correct passive tense of the verbs in brackets.
- •III. Read the newspaper and fill in the gaps with the verbs in brackets using the passive. Earthquake Hits Whiterose
- •IV. Rewrite the following sentences about the preparations for Julie’s wedding in the passive, as in the example.
- •Строительство зданий
III. Put all possible questions to the sentences.
Historically the use of brick has been influenced by the availability of raw materials.
In England the art of brick-making came and went with the Romans.
Engineering bricks must have excellent resistance to impact, corrosion and wear.
IV. Read and translate the text brick
Brick was the first artificial building material made by man of clay and sand. There are practical and economic reasons why the use of brick has survived. Brick is reasonably priced, standardized product, durable, with good insulating properties, satisfactory porosity and weather-resistant.
Historically the use of brick has been influenced by the availability of raw materials. The main material clay can be obtained practically everywhere. Egypt and Mesopotamia have some of the earliest examples of brick -making. The Romans were quick to see its potential and organized production where they found the raw materials. In England the art of brick-making came and went with the Romans. But it revived in the Middle Ages and since then there has been the development of mass-production techniques and transport systems to deliver the products. In Russia bricks have been used in construction for centuries.
The basic principles of brick-making have never changed. This process was rather simple. Nowadays there are also four stages in the manufacture of bricks: 1) mixing the raw material, 2) forming 3) drying and 4) burning.
There are different kinds of bricks: facing, common, engineering, hollow and porous: reinforced and refractory. Facing bricks have a pleasant appearance. Common bricks are cheap. Engineering bricks have excellent resistance to impact, corrosion and wear. Hollow and porous bricks are lightweight and more economical than common ones.
Bricks are of different size, colour and texture. The principal structural defect of brick is its porosity.
Bricks are widely used in construction:
1) for bearing elements, for example, walls and foundations
2) for producing aggregates
3) for decoration.
4) reinforced and refractory bricks are used in the metallurgy and glass industries for lining furnaces.
Brick structures require almost no maintenance. They are characterized by high durability and can last for hundreds of years.
V. Put in the correct prepositions.
1. Brick was the first artificial building material made ... man.
2. The use ... brick has been influenced ... the availability ... raw materials.
3. Egypt has the earliest examples ... brick-making.
4. There are different kinds ... bricks.
5. The raw materials ... bricks are cheap.
6. The process ... manufacture is rather simple.
7. All bricks are ... different size, colour and texture.
8. Bricks are widely used ... construction ... build walls, facades and foundations.
9. Brick structures can last ... hundreds ... years.
10. Bricks have been used … construction … centuries … many countries.
VI. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Глиняный кирпич – первый строительный материал, созданный человеком.
2. Существуют различные виды кирпичей.
3. Кирпич должен обладать прочностью, морозостойкостью, малым водонасыщением, малой теплопроводностью и устойчивостью к коррозии.
4. Основной материал для кирпичей – глина.
5. В производстве кирпича четыре стадии: 1) перемешивание сырья, 2) формовка, 3) сушка и 4) обжиг.
6. Кирпич используют для возведения конструкционных и конструкционно-теплоизоляционных зданий и сооружений.
7. Кирпичные здания отличаются высокой долговечностью.
8. Кирпич используют в строительстве сотни лет во многих странах.
9. Кирпич – ценный строительный материал.