- •Строительство зданий
- •Lesson 1
- •I. Read and translate the following words:
- •II. Learn the following words and word combinations to the text:
- •III. Form the nouns adding the suffixes and translate them into Russian.
- •IV. Point out the suffixes of the following words and the parts of speech they form. Make sentences with the words.
- •V. Read and translate the text cement
- •VI. Put in the correct prepositions.
- •VII. Translate the sentences into English.
- •VIII. Answer the following questions.
- •IX. Speak about cement as one of the popular binding materials in construction. Make use of the following expressions:
- •I. Put the verbs in brackets in the form of the Past Simple Tense.
- •II. Read the following note and put the verbs into the correct form of the Present Simple, Present Continuous or Past Simple.
- •III. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the Past Simple Tense.
- •IV. Ten years ago Jerry was a student. Now he is a lawyer. Use the prompts to ask and answer questions about Jerry, as in the example.
- •Lesson 2
- •I. Read and translate the following words:
- •II. Learn the following words and word combinations to the text:
- •III. Put all possible questions to the sentences.
- •IV. Read and translate the text brick
- •V. Put in the correct prepositions.
- •VI. Translate the sentences into English.
- •VII. Answer the following questions.
- •VIII. Speak about brick as the first artificial building material made by man. Make use of the key word combinations and expressions.
- •I. Match Column a to Column b.
- •II. Make short exchanges using the prompts below, as in the example.
- •III. Fill in the gaps with have/has been или have/has gone.
- •IV. Выберите наиболее подходящее к данному предложению слово из двух предложенных.
- •IV. Fill in the gaps with since or for, as in the example.
- •Lesson 3
- •I. Read and translate the following words:
- •II. Learn the following words and word combinations to the text:
- •III. Give the synonyms to the following words and translate them into Russian.
- •IV. Read and translate the text concrete
- •V. Put in the correct prepositions.
- •VI. Translate the sentences into English.
- •VII. Answer the following questions.
- •VIII. Speak about concrete as one of the main building materials today. Make use of the key words and expressions.
- •Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the present perfect simple.
- •In this exercise you have to put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.
- •Lesson 4
- •I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Learn the following words and word combinations:
- •III. Read and translate the text. Parts of a building
- •IV. Memorize the following antonyms:
- •V. Match the English and Russian definitions using Fig. 3:
- •VI. Answer the following questions.
- •Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the past perfect.
- •II. Join the sentences using the words in brackets and putting the verbs into the correct tense, as in the example.
- •VII. Speak about the main parts of a building and their functions.
- •Lesson 5
- •I. Read and translate the following words:
- •II. Learn the following words and word combinations:
- •III. Read and translate the text. Floors
- •IV. Translate the sentences into English.
- •V. Give the synonyms to the following words:
- •I. Rewrite the sentences below in the passive, as in the example.
- •Fill in the gaps with the correct passive tense of the verbs in brackets.
- •III. Fill in the gaps with is, was, has or will, as in the example.
- •Lesson 6
- •I. Read and translate the following words.
- •II. Learn the following words and word combinations to the text:
- •III. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •IV. Form the verbs from the following nouns and translate them:
- •V. Memorize the following antonyms:
- •VI. Read and translate the text. Walls
- •VII. Match the English and Russian definitions using Fig. 2.:
- •VIII. Read the information given below and answer the following questions.
- •Constructive scheme of a large-panel house with longitudinal loadbearing walls
- •IX. Study the constructive scheme shown in Fig.3.
- •X. Match the English and Russian equivalents using Fig. 3:
- •XI. Study the information and answer the questions.
- •XII. Answer the following questions.
- •I. Use the prompts to make sentences in the passive, as in the example.
- •II. Fill in the gaps with the correct passive tense of the verbs in brackets.
- •III. Read the newspaper and fill in the gaps with the verbs in brackets using the passive. Earthquake Hits Whiterose
- •IV. Rewrite the following sentences about the preparations for Julie’s wedding in the passive, as in the example.
- •Строительство зданий
I. Read and translate the following words:
finе, find, bind, grind, kind, mind, high, light, right, child, mild, side, site, size, white, wide, final, private, type, prior, design, wire, fire;
house, how, now, down, town, round, about, layout, out, amount, powder, foundation, brown, ground, allow, without;
also, always, chalk, small, tall, talk, more, short, all, mortar, wall, door, floor, coarse, course, restore, former, cause, draw, proportion, warm;
lecture, mixture, texture, admixture, temperature, manufacture, architecture, structure, nature, culture, picture, moisture, signature, future, departure.
II. Learn the following words and word combinations to the text:
cement [si`ment] – цемент, цементировать
fine powder [`paudƏ] – мелкий порошок
binding properties [`baindiŋ 'propetiz] – вяжущиe свойства
raw materials [ro:] – сырьевые материалы
limestone [`laimstoun] – известняк
chalk [`t∫o:k] – мел
clay [`klei] – глина
marl – мергель
to produce [prƏ`dju:s] – производить
kiln – печь
mixing [`miksiŋ] – перемешивание
burning of clinkers [`bƏ:niŋ] – обжиг клинкера
grinding [`graindiŋ] – измельчение
to rotate [rou`teit] – вращаться
slurry [`sl٨ri] – шлам
to slide down – скользить вниз
to take place – происходить
constituent [kƏn`stitjuƏnt] – составная часть = ingredient
mortar [`m o:tƏ] – раствор
concrete [`kOnkri:t] – бетон
housing [`hauziŋ] – жилищное строительство
bridge – мост
foundation – фундамент
infrastructure – инфраструктура (промышленная, городская);
сети обслуживания населения
III. Form the nouns adding the suffixes and translate them into Russian.
Model: stem + suffix = noun
to build – builder ; строить – строитель
- er: do, mix, compute, work, design, produce, plan, receive, restore.
- or: construct, elevate, invent, decorate, coordinate, instruct, imitate, create.
- ion/ation: combine, construct, prepare, classify, decorate, create, organize.
- ing: burn, build, mix, produce, grind, set, house, place, train, plan.
- ity: dense, porous, durable, available, total, active, real, popular, regular, secure.
- ment: base, develop, achieve, employ, govern, treat, require, reinforce, settle.
IV. Point out the suffixes of the following words and the parts of speech they form. Make sentences with the words.
Binder, coloured, producer, mixing, combination, chemical, slowly, lower, layout, architecture, without, foundation.
V. Read and translate the text cement
Cement is a fine powder. It has good binding properties. Cement is usually of grey colour. There are also white and coloured cements. Cement is made of different materials. The materials for cement are: limestone, chalk, marl and clay. Those are raw materials.
There are three stages in producing cement. They are: 1) grinding and mixing the raw materials, 2) burning of clinkers, 3) grinding of clinkers. There are special kilns for burning clinkers. The temperature of the kilns is high. The kiln rotates slowly as the slurry slides down to its lower end. During the burning chemical combination takes place between the constituents, and cement clinkers come out of the kiln. A special machine makes powder from them.
Clinker composition depends on the nature of the raw materials, the proportioning, the process (wet or dry), the plant equipment and laboratory control.
The main Russian cement types used in construction are:
Alumina Cement – глиноземистый цемент
Fire Cement – огнеупорный цемент
Hydraulic Cement – гидравлический цемент
Normal Portland Cement – обычный портландцемент
Special Cement – быстротвердеющий цемент
White and Coloured Portland Cement - белый и цветной портландцемент
Cement is widely used in all types of construction: industrial, housing, agricultural 1) for binding panels, stones, bricks and 2) for producing mortars and concretes.
Cement is the key ingredient of concrete which in turn is a key ingredient of the world’s infrastructure – as well as your home, your office and your kid’s playgrounds.