IX. Complete the following sentences using variants (a) or (b).

1. Very heavy graders are used when

1. small volumes of soil have to be handled

2. large volumes of soil have to be handled

2. In winter-time power graders are used

1. to clean roads of compacted snow

2. to remove snow from motor-roads

3. Towed graders have

1. no engine and transmission of their own

2. an engine and transmission of their own

4. Power graders are used for

a) slice by slice cutting of soil

1. excavating side ditches

X. Insert the verbs in the proper form. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The blade … at various angles both horizontally and vertically or brought out sideways.

2. Self-powered graders … for laying earth beds.

3. Towed graders … the same functions as self-powered machines.

4. Towed graders … by crawler tractors.

5. Light power graders … to maintain and carry out repair jobs on roads.

6. Towed graders … no great possibilities and … now.

7. Power graders … by weight.

XI. Fill in the necessary prepositions. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Power graders are classified … the design … running gears.

2. Power and towed graders are used … different kinds … work … roads.

3.The basic operating members … a grader is a blade and a scarifier.

4. Towed graders have no transmission … their own and are driven … crawler tractor.

5. Medium graders are used to lay earth beds … small elevations and … repair jobs

6. … winter-time power graders are used to clean roads … compacted snow.

XII. Make up questions according to the models using the words given below.

Models: 1.What kind of machine is a power grader?

a bulldozer

a scraper

an elevating grader

a towed grader

2.What are power graders used for ?

medium graders

heavy graders

light graders

bulldozers

XIII. Ask questions on the underlined words.

1. Power graders are used for laying earth beds.

2. In winter-time power graders are used to clean roads.

3.The blade of a power grader can be set at various angles both horizontally and vertically.

4. The basic operating members of a grader is a blade and a scarifier.

5. Medium graders are used to lay earth beds at small elevations.

XIV. Express your agreement or disagreement with the following statements.

1. As far as I remember a power grader is a highly manoeuvrable machine.

2. It is proved that towed graders are more manoeuvrable than power graders.

3. As far as I remember there are power graders with mechanical and hydraulic control.

4. It is said that towed graders are being developed now.

5. In my opinion medium graders are used to lay earth beds at zero elevation.

6. Heavy graders are used when large volumes of soil have to be handled.

7. In winter- time scrapers are used to remove snow from municipal squares.

8. Scrapers should not be used in soil containing large stones.