- •Unit 1. What are oil and natural gas?
- •1.1. Learn the new words and expressions
- •1.2. Study the terms
- •1.3. Read and translate the text what are oil and natural gas?
- •1.4. Find the equivalents in the text
- •1.5. Answer the questions
- •1.6. Match the words and their definitions
- •1.7. Translate into English
- •1.8. Unscramble the words
- •1.9. Arrange the words in the correct order
- •1.10. Insert the correct auxiliary verbs
- •1.11. Find at least 12 hidden words, please
- •1.12. Supply the missing word parts and translate the expressions
- •Unit 2. Exploration
- •2.1. Learn the new words and expressions
- •2.2. Study the terms
- •2.3. Read and translate the text exploration
- •2.4. Find the equivalents in the text
- •2.5. Answer the questions
- •2.6. Translate into English
- •2.7. Guess the words by the definitions given below
- •2.8. Fill in the prepositions
- •2.9. Mark the correct boundaries of the words
- •2.10. Unscramble the words and translate the sentences
- •Unit 3. Creating a drill site
- •3.1. Learn the new words and expressions
- •3.2. Study the terms
- •3.3. Read and translate the text creating a drill site
- •3.4. Find the equivalents in the text
- •3.5. Translate into English
- •3.6. Match the words and their definitions
- •3.7. Answer the questions
- •3.8. Find at least 16 hidden words, please
- •3.9. Supply the missing word parts and translate the expressions
- •3.10. Enter the words that have one common letter
- •Unit 4. Drilling rigs
- •4.1. Learn the new words and expressions
- •4.2. Study the terms
- •4.3. Read and translate the text drilling rigs
- •4.4. Find the equivalents in the text
- •4.5. Fill in the blanks
- •4.6. Translate into English
- •4.7. Guess the words by the definitions given below
- •4.8. Speak about any type of drilling rigs
- •4.9. Arrange the words in the correct order
- •4.10. There are at least 15 hidden words, try to find them, please
- •Unit 5. Advanced drilling techniques
- •5.1. Learn the new words and expressions
- •5.2. Study the terms
- •5.3. Read and translate the text advanced drilling techniques
- •5.4. Find the equivalents in the text
- •5.5. True or false?
- •5.6. Match the words and their definitions
- •5.7. Translate into English
- •5.8. There are at least 15 hidden words, try to find them, please
1.3. Read and translate the text what are oil and natural gas?
Oil and natural gas are naturally occurring chemicals that are made up of just two elements – carbon and hydrogen. The class of chemicals based on carbon and hydrogen is called hydrocarbons. The simplest hydrocarbon, methane, is made up of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Other hydrocarbons like octane and octadecane have more complicated structures. Plastics are made of molecules called polymers that are very long chains of hydrocarbons.
How Are Oil and Natural Gas Formed?
Stage 1 - All of the oil and gas we use today began as microscopic plants and animals living in the ocean millions of years ago. As these microscopic plants and animals lived, they absorbed energy from the sun, which was stored as carbon molecules in their bodies. When they died, they sank to the bottom of the sea. Over millions of years, layer after layer of sediment and other plants and bacteria were formed.
Stage 2 - As they became buried ever deeper, heat and pressure began to rise. The amount of pressure and the degree of heat, along with the type of biomass, determined if the material became oil or natural gas. More heat produced lighter oil. Even higher heat or biomass made predominantly of plant material produced natural gas.
Stage 3 - After oil and natural gas were formed, they tended to migrate through tiny pores in the surrounding rock. Some oil and natural gas migrated all the way to the surface and escaped. Other oil and natural gas deposits migrated until they were caught under impermeable layers of rock or clay where they were trapped. These trapped deposits are where we find oil and natural gas today.
Where is Petroleum Found?
Oil and natural gas reserves are found in many parts of the world. In the past, demand was low and reserves were easy to find. In fact, the first users of oil depended on surface seepage for their supplies. However, as demand has increased, all the easy-to-find oil has been used.
Today, oil exploration takes place in some of the most challenging places on earth. We are now looking for new oil reserves thousands of feet under the ocean and in areas of climatic extremes.
Will We Run Out?
We don't have to worry about running out of oil or natural gas any time soon. At our current rate of use, we have oil and natural gas reserves to last 60-90 years. And while the total amount of oil and natural gas isn't increasing, our ability to find and extract oil and natural gas from new sources expands almost every day!
We now produce natural gas from buried coal seams, oil and natural gas from deep deposits located miles beneath the surface of the earth, and in the deep ocean, hundreds of miles offshore and in water depths greater than 10,000 feet.
Finding economical ways to extract oil from coal tars and oil shales could provide supplies for hundreds of years.
The oil and natural gas industry is also investing in alternative energy such as wind, solar, geothermal and biomass to make these potential energy resources more reliable and affordable to meet the growing need for energy.