What's your style?

Define the degree of assertiveness you demonstrate in a variety of commonly occurring situations. Choose the num­ber that best indicates how you most often act in each sce­nario and be honest with yourself.

1. = Never

2. = Rarely

3. = Sometimes

4. = Usually

5. = Always

1. Do you find it hard to compliment or praise others?

2. Do you finish other people's sentences for them?

3. When you're angry, do you call people names or use obscenities?

4. Do you often step in and make decisions for other people?

5. Do you get nervous when someone watches you work?

6. Do you easily lose your temper?

7. Do you get into fights with others, especially strang­ers?

8. When someone is acting unfairly, do you let them continue?

9. When others break ahead of you in the lunch line, do you keep quiet?

10. Do you always think you have the right answer?

11. Do you bully others to get your way?

12. At parties, do you feel like a wallflower?

13. Do you find it hard to make decisions?

14. When you meet a stranger, does that person usually have to initiate conversation?

15. Are you uncertain about decisions you make?

16. Are you reluctant to share your opinions in a group discussion?

17. Do you often avoid people or situations for fear of being embarrassed?

18. Are you openly critical of other people's ideas, opinions or behaviour?

19. Do you find it hard to express love or affection?

20. Do you find it hard to say "no" to your friends unreasonable requests?

21. When you disagree with someone you respect, do you find it hard to' speak up about your opinion?

22. If a person has borrowed something and not re­turned it, do you hesitate to ask for it back?

23. If your steak is improperly cooked at a restaurant, do you eat it anyway?

24. At the movies, would you hesitate to ask someone to quiet down so you can hear?

0-25 Very Assertive

26-35 Assertive

36-75 Unassertive

76-100 Very Unassertive

Two components of assertiveness are honesty and re­spect. Assertiveness involves standing up for your thoughts, feelings and beliefs in a direct, honest and appropriate way that does not violate another person's rights or show disrespect.

Compiled by

H.Pavlenko, L.Honcharenko, N.Kostenko,

Gumnasia 8, Odessa

Lesson 4 globalization

Words to master:

upheaval - зрушення

trade flows - товаропотік

reverse - зворотний

to foster - заохочувати; сприяти

to expand - поширювати(ся)

to intertwine - вплітати(ся), переплітати(ся)

commodity - товар

erosion - роз'їдання, витравлення, поступове руйнування

sovereignty - суверенітет

outsourcing – закупівля із зовнішніх джерел

to supplant - зайняти чиєсь місце

to undergo - зазнавати, зносити, переносити

Read and translate the text:

Globalisation

Part I.

Globalisation (or globalization) is a recent term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that result from dramatically increased international trade and cultural exchange. It describes the increase of trade and investing due to the falling of barriers and the interdependence of countries. In specifically economic contexts, it is often understood to refer almost exclusively to the effects of trade, particularly trade liberalization or "free trade".

Between 1910 and 1950, a series of political and economic upheavals dramatically reduced the volume and importance of international trade flows. But starting with WWI and continuing through WWII, when the Bretton Woods institutions were created (i.e. the IMF and the GATT), globalization trends reversed. In the post-World War II environment, fostered by international economic institutions and rebuilding programs, international trade dramatically expanded. With the 1970s, the effects of this trade became increasingly visible, both in terms of the benefits and the disruptive effects.

Although all three aspects are closely intertwined, it is useful to distinguish economic, political and cultural aspects of globalization.

Part II.

Characteristics

Globalization has become identified with a number of trends, most of which may have developed since World War II. These include greater international movement of commodities, money, information, and people; and the development of technology, organizations, legal systems, and infrastructures to allow this movement.

· Economically

• Increase in international trade at a faster rate than the growth in the world economy

• Erosion of national sovereignty and national borders through international agreements leading to organizations like the WTO and OPEC

• Development of global financial systems

• Increased role of international organizations such as WTO, WIPO, IMF

• Increase of economic practices like outsourcing, by multinational corporations

· Culturally

• Greater international cultural exchange,

• Spreading of multiculturalism, and better individual access to cultural diversity

• Greater international travel and tourism

• Greater immigration, including illegal immigration

Part III.

• Development of a global telecommunications infrastructure and greater transborder data flow, using such technologies as the Internet, communication satellites and telephones

• International criminal court and international justice movements.

• Some argue that even terrorism has undergone globalization with attacks in foreign countries that have no direct relation with the own country. Barriers to international trade have been considerably lowered since World War II through international agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Particular initiatives carried out as a result of GATT

and the WTO, for which GATT is the foundation, have included:

• Promotion of free trade of goods:

• Reduction or elimination of tariffs; construction of free trade zones with small or no tariffs

• Reduced transportation costs, especially from development of containerization for ocean shipping.

• Intellectual Property Restrictions

• Harmonization of intellectual property laws across nations (generally speaking, with more restrictions)

Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:

Міжнародна торгівля, вільна торгівля, переворот, зменшувати,

поширюватися, дія, що знищує, взаємопов’язані, основний аспект,

поступове знищення, призводити до, мати справу з/співпрацювати,

культурний обмін, витісняти, протизаконна іміграція, міжнародне

кримінальне право, сперечатися, перешкода, обмеження, наднаціональний,

інтелектуальна власність.

Answer the questions:

1. What does the term globalisation describe?

2. What are the economic, political and cultural aspects of globalisation?

3. What is mundialisation?

4. What are the characteristics of economical globalisation?

5. What are the aspects of cultural globalisation?

6. What is free trade?

7. What is anti-globalisation?

Semester VI