Vocabulary notes

wire transfer телеграфный перевод

wire телеграф

by wire по телеграфу

financial instrument финансовый инструмент(валюта, ценные бумаги,депо­зиты)

source источник

complicity соучастие (с преступлении)

to facilitate облегчать, содействовать

to fail не исполнить, не сделать

to fail to report не сообщать

without fail непременно, обязательно

failure неудача

to exceed превышать

threshold порог

to file заполнить

false ложный, подложный

mature зрелый, развитый

mature system развитая система

to expose подвергать

to expose to difficulties ставить в затруднительное положение

access доступ, подход

favoured привилегированный, пользующийся

преимуществом favoured few немногие избранные

software программное обеспечение, программные

средства, про­граммы suspense временное прекращение,

приостановка suspense account промежуточный счет (для сомнительных

операций или ошибочных поступлений) utility полезность, использование

target цель

to disclose раскрывать, разоблачать

disclosure раскрытие, разоблачение,

открытие, обнаружение

A random reading of cases in die country analysis reveals that a new category of professional money laundering specialists is emerg­ing. These professionals have been emerging in Belgium, the Neth­erlands and Portugal as white collar criminals acting as financial ad­visers both as individuals or as organisations like firms. In the United Kingdom they emerged mainly as solicitors. In Italy they are often members of the criminal organisation or very close to it, as a branch of the same, providing specific laundering services. They sell high quality services, contacts, experience and knowledge of money movements, supported by the latest electronic technology, especially in international financial centres such as Germany or the United Kingdom, to any trafficker or other criminal willing to pay their fees. In addition to buying into established companies, or creating shell corporations in out-of-the-way venues, and buying and trading commodities, purchasing equipment, and the like, the more sophis­ticated money managers put the traffickers' proceeds into a wide range of financial instruments. The possibilities offered by impor­tant international financial and stock exchange centres in the Euro­pean Union comprise an endless variety of possibilities of diversifi­cation. They often manage funds for third parties beyond contracts such as fiduciary contracts, financial management, foundations, third party accounts and new typologies of contracts such as trust companies. Professionals number criminal organisations among their many clients, and make available to them the same mecha­nisms used by other clients to smuggle gold or to hide profits and shelter proceeds from the tax collector. In a variation on this proce­dure, some money brokers are buying cash in bulk, at a discount rate. The criminal organisations get their proceeds back from the point-of-sale countries without making the moves themselves.

These professionals once acted as brokers, charging a commis­sion for handling cash and other transactions; today, they increas­ingly buy the entire proceeds at a discount and control its disposi­tion, reaping profits by investing in legal businesses.

Organised crime is changing parallel to the way in which the laundering methods for proceeds of crimes are changing. These changes are effects of many factors, including also the policies en­acted for combating organised crime. In just a few years an interna­tional anti-money laundering regime has been built up and inside it a European network, composed of institutions, mechanisms, hard and soft norms, has been formed. The European Money-Laundering Directive of 1991 is the main instrument for future development in this network. Having a regulatory task, as addressed to the financial, institutions, and an indirect one in supporting tougher crime control policies, the Directive contributes to the future challenge of com­bining more free circulation and competition in the European mar­kets and, at the same time, less risk of infiltration of crime. Still, European countries have some difficulty in adopting harmonised anti-money laundering policies that could effectively combat this phenomenon.