- •Law and Economic Crimes in Europe Section 1: Fraud
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- •Section 3: Corruption and Remedies against it Text l
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Vocabulary notes
to launder стирать и гладить(белье), отмывать (перен.) laundry прачечная
research исследование, изучение
recently недавно
illicit незаконный, недозволенный, запрещенный proceeds доход, вырученная сумма
to acquire приобретать
tangible осязаемый, материальный
assets 1) активы, авуары; 2) имущество;
3) имущество несостоятельного должника,
имущество обанкротившейся фирмы luxury роскошь
item предмет
real estate недвижимость, недвижимое имущество
syn. real property
real estate agent агент по продаже недвижимости (домов, земельных
участков и имений)
real estate duty налог на унаследованную недвижимость
precious драгоценный
bulk большое количество
cash наличные (деньги)
to originate происходить, возникать
to link связывать
straw солома
a straw man 1) соломенное чучело; 2) ненадежный
человек; 3) подставное, фиктивное лицо ' existence существование
to eliminate устранять, исключать, уничтожать trace след
strict I) строгий, требовательный;
2)точный strict truth истинная правда
in the strict sense of the word в строгом смысле этого слова to earn зарабатывать, получать
interest 1) интерес; 2) проценты;
3) доля, участие в прибылях major главный
major reconstruction коренная перестройка to operate 1) вести, производить (операции),вести счета (в
банке); 2) управлять, заведовать
to operate accounts
bureau de change пункт обмена валюты pl. bureaux de change
gambling house игорный дом
to gamble играть в азартные игры
stockbroker биржевой маклер
to reveal показывать, раскрывать
circuit 1) кругооборот; 2) выездная сессия суда;
3) (судебный) округ
bond 1) облигация; 2) долговое обязательство;
3) таможенная закладная
The use of more sophisticated money laundering methods has also gone beyond wire transfers to include a seemingly endless variety of licit and illicit financial instruments.
The possibility for criminal organisations to launder their proceeds through banking financial institutions exists without the knowledge of the illicit source by the financial or commercial operator or because of a more or less explicit complicity, if not even through a corrupted or criminally controlled institution. Individually or in concert, employees of financial or business institutions are in fact facilitating money laundering operations by willingly accepting large cash deposits, by failing to report transactions which exceed the threshold required by the law or by filing false reporting documents. This situation occurs for example in mature financial systems which are particularly exposed to organised crime, as Italy certainly is.
There is, however, emerging concern about new banking practices within the European Union, such as direct access banking (favoured customers are given the bank's software and allowed to process transactions directly through their accounts) or suspense accounts (of banks with other banks). Pass-through banking by itself is posing a myriad of problems for regulators, by creating accounts within accounts, even banks within banks. These new bank services limit the utility of identification systems. Representative offices — an office representing a foreign bank that does not have a branch in a specific country constitute another privileged target used by money launderers. Normal financial regulations do not always apply to them because a representative office is not an official banking institution, while the office accepts deposits and transfers the funds into its own account without disclosing the identities of the owners of the deposits.