Vocabulary notes

VAT=Value Added Tax НДС (налог на добавленную стоимость)

to extend расширять, распространять

detriment ущерб, вред

to the detriment of smb в ущерб кому-либо

without detriment to без ущерба для

similarly так же, подобным образом

to assign 1) назначать, определять;

2) передавать (права, имущество)

task задача, задание

taskforce оперативная группа

{создаваемая на время для решения какой-либо опреде­ленной задачи)

revenue годовой доход {особ, государственный)

expenditure расходы {особ, государственные)

decade десятилетие

to enjoy 1) получать удовольствие, наслаждаться;

2) пользо­ваться, обладать

According to по словам, по мнению, по утверждению

to tend l) иметь тенденцию;

2)заботиться

to audit проверять отчетность, ревизовать

account счет

dissuasion разубеждение, отговаривание

primary первоначальный, первичный

staff штат служащих, служебный персонал

to administer 1) управлять, вести (дела);

2)отправлять (правосудие); налагать (взыскание)

to raise I) поднимать; 2) собирать

(налоги, средства и т.д.)

current текущий, теперешний, современный

currently в настоящее время syn. at present, at the present time, now

current week, month, etc. текущая неделя, месяц и т.д.

of current interest злободневный, актуальный

to enhance увеличивать, усиливать, усугублять

The money launderer changes the illicit proceeds from one form to another, often in rapid succession. The trend is towards acquiring tangible assets (such as cars, boats, aircraft, luxury items, real es­tate, and precious metals) with the bulk cash originating directly from criminal activity. Often, but not necessarily linked with off­shore centres, the mechanism of shell or front companies has been detected. These are entities that generally exist only on paper. These legal entities are usually conducted specifically in order to carry out a wide range of criminal businesses such as financial fraud, especially in the United Kingdom, and fraud against the European Union, especially in the Netherlands, Belgium and Italy. They do not participate in actual commerce and are run by straw men, as often found in Italy. Their purpose is quite exclusively criminal and they often face a «law enforcement risk» from investi­gations about the real nature of their existence. This is the reason why they are closed down almost as soon as they are formed and often the accountancy books are physically eliminated in order to conceal any trace that could help future or further investigations.

Money launderers are ever more oriented towards the use of non-bank financial institutions which are still not completely or properly regulated in some European Union member states. As they do not always come under the same obligation as the financial sec­tor, because they are not allowed to undertake banking activities to earn interest, they are used especially at the placement stage for entering the cash into the financial market. There is evidence, espe­cially in the Netherlands, Italy and Belgium, of criminal groups moving from major commercial banks to those called second line banks and often operating accounts in the name of offshore companies. These include a wide variety of bureaux de change, cheque cashing services, insurers, brokers, importers, exporters and other trading companies, gold and precious metal dealers, express deliv­ery services and other money movers. Casinos or gambling houses are used at the placement stage. Enquiries into stockbroking mar­kets in Austria, Finland and the United Kingdom have, however, revealed that much illicitly gained money is laundered in this cir­cuit. A special mention has to be made of insurance companies which are increasingly popular laundering mechanisms, as in Ger­many, especially in the premium insurance bond sector.