Grammar

The Past Simple

1. Утвердительная форма Past Simple Tense правильных глаголов образуется от инфинитива (без частицы to) путем прибавления во всех лицах окончания –ed:

to live – I lived; to work – I worked; to expect – I expected.

Past Simple неправильных глаголов образуется иными способами в основном путем изменения корня

Инфинитив (исходная форма глагола)	Глагол в Present Simple tense (s)- окончание глагола в 3-м л. ед. ч.	Глагол в Past Simple tense
To be -быть To become- становиться To begin- начинать To bring- приносить To build- строить To buy- покупать To choose- выбирать To come- приходить To cut- резать To do- делать To draw- рисовать To drink- пить To drive- ехать To eat- есть, кушать To fall- падать To fight- драться To find- находить To fly- летать To forget- забывать To get- получать To give- дать To go- идти To grow - расти, выращивать To have- иметь To hear- слышать To hold- держать To keep- хранить To know- знать To leave- оставлять To lend- давать взаймы To let- разрешать To lie- лежать To lose- терять To make- делать	Am, is, are Become (s) Begin (s) Bring (s) Build (s) Buy (s) Choose (s) Come (s) Cut (s) Do, does Draw (s) Drink (s) Drive (s) Eat (s) Fall (s) Fight (s) Find (s) Fly, flies Forget (s) Get (s) Give (s) Go, goes Grow (s) Have, has Hear (s) Hold (s) Keep (s) Know (s) Leave (s) Lend (s) Let (s) Lie (s) Lose (s) Make (s)	Was, were Became Began Brought Built Bought Chose Came Cut Did Drew Drank Drove Ate Fell Fought Found Flew Forgot Got Gave Went Grew Had Heard Held Kept Knew Left Lent Let Lay Lost Made

2.Вопросительная форма Past Simple Tense правильных и неправильных глаголов образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do в прошедшем времени (did) и формы инфинитива смыслового глагола (без частицы to), причем вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:

Did I work? Did I speak?

Did he work? Did he speak?

3. Отрицательная форма глагола Past Simple Tense правильных и неправильных глаголов образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do в прошедшем времени (did) частицы not и формы инфинитива смыслового глагола, причем not ставится после вспомогательного глагола:

I did not work. I did not speak.

He did not work. He did not speak.

Время Past Simple служит:

1) Для выражения действия, совершившегося или совершавшегося в прошлом, при изложении прошедших событий. Past Simple переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем глагола как совершенного, так и несовершенного вида, в зависимости от смысла предложения. Время совершения действия может быть выражено придаточным предложением или не указываться, а подразумеваться. Для выражения прошедшего действия в Past Simple могут употребляться такие обозначения времени, как yesterday вчера, last week на прошлой неделе, an hour ago час тому назад, the other day на днях, on Monday в понедельник, in 1998 в 1998 году, during the lesson во время урока и.т.п.

I spoke to him the other day. Я говорил с ним на днях.

He came at five o’clock. Он пришел в пять часов.

He called when I was Oн заходил, когда я был

at the institute в институте

2) Для выражения ряда последовательно происходивших событий:

He left the hotel, took a taxi Он вышел из отеля, взял такси

and drove to the theatre. и поехал в театр.

When arrived at the railway Когда я приехал на вокзал, я

station, I went to the booking пошел в кассу и купил билет

office and bought a ticket.

Exercise 1. Complete the newspaper story about a fire. Put in the past simple forms of the verbs:

Two people died (die) in a fire in Ellis Street, Oldport yesterday morning. They

(1)………………..(be) Herbert and Molly Paynter, a couple in the seventies. The fire (2)……………….(start) at 3.20 a.m. A neighbour, Mr. Aziz, (3)……………… (see) the flames and (4)………………….(call) the fire brigade. He also (5)……………… (try) to get into the house and rescue his neighbours but the heat (6)……………… (be) too great. The fire brigade (7)……………. (arrive) in five minutes. Twenty fire-fighters (8)……………… (fight) the fire and finally (9)……………… (bring) it under control. Two fire-fighters (10)………………. (enter) the burning building but (11)…………..(find) the couple dead.

Exercise 2. Complete the conversation. Put in the past simple negatives and questions:

Claire: Did you have (you/have) a nice weekend in Paris?

Mark: Yes, thanks. It was good. We looked around and then we saw a show.

(1)……………… (we/not/try) to do too much.

Claire: What sights (2)…………..(you/see)?

Mark: We had a look round the Louvre. (3)………………..(I/not/know) there was so much in there.

Claire: And what show (4)…………………(you/go) to?

Mark: Oh, a musical. I forget the name. (5)………………….. (I/not/like) it.

Claire: Oh, dear. And (6)…………………. (Sarah/enjoy) it?

Mark: No, not really. But we enjoyed the weekend. Sarah did some shopping, too, but (7)…………………(I/not/want) to go shopping.

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences. Put into the correct form, positive or negative:

1. It was warm, so I …took… off my coat. (take)

2. The film wasn’t very good. I …didn’t enjoy… it very much. (enjoy)

3. I knew Sarah was very busy, so I ……………………….. her. (disturb)

4. I was very tired, so I ………………………………. to bed early. (go)

5. The bed was very uncomfortable. I …………………. very well. (sleep)

6. Sue wasn’t hungry, so she …………….…………….. anything. (eat)

7. We went to Kate’s house but she ………………………. at home. (be)

8. It was a funny situation but nobody ………………………… . (laugh)

9. The window was open and a bird ………………… into the room. (fly)

10. The hotel wasn’t very expensive. It ………………. very much. (cost)

11. I was in a hurry, so I …………………….. time to phone you. (have)

12. It was hard work carrying the bags. They ………… very heavy. (be)

The Past Continuous

Past Continuous Tense употребляется:

1. Для выражения развертывающегося действия, происходившего в какой-то данный момент в прошлом. Этот момент в прошлом может быть обозначен:

1) Точным указанием момента времени, например: at that moment в тот момент, at that time в то время, at 5 o’clock yesterday вчера в 5 часов и т.п.:

At that time our troops were В то время наши войска

crossing the bridge. переходили мост.

2) Другим однократным действием, выраженным глаголом в Past Simple:

The crowd was pouring out into the Толпа растеклась по

streets when the horse-police appeared. улицам, когда появилась

конная полиция.

When I went out the fog was rising in Когда я вышел, туман клу-little clouds to the sky above. бами поднимался к небу.

2) При одновременности двух действий, происходивших в прошлом, оба глагола, выражающие эти действия, могут быть употреблены в Past Continuous или в Past Simple. При употреблении Past Continuous подчеркивается процесс протекания действия, при употреблении Past Simple констатируется факт совершения действия:

An enormous dog was passing at Огромная собака проходила в the end of the alley while we конце аллеи, в то время как were standing at the door of the house. мы стояли у дверей дома.

His family stayed in New York Семья Эрика жила в

while Erik took his examinations Нью Йорке

at Columbia. пока он сдавал экзамены в

Колумбийский университет.

3. Для эмоционального подчеркивания длительности действия с такими обозначениями времени, как all day (long) весь день, all the time все время, the whole morning все утро, from 5 till 7 с 5 часов до 7, during (for) … years (months) в течение … лет (месяцев) и т.д.:

It was raining all day yesterday Вчера весь день шел дождь, and we had to stay indoors. и нам пришлось остаться

дома.

Exercise 1. What were you doing at the following times? Write one sentence as in the examples. The past continuous is not always necessary (see the second example):

1. (at 8 o’clock yesterday evening) …I was having dinner with some friends…

2. (at 5 o’clock last Saturday) … I was on a train on my way to London …

3. (at 10.15 yesterday morning) …………………………………………..

4. (at 4.30 this morning) ………………………………………………….

5. (at 7.45 yesterday evening) …………………………………………….

6. (half an hour ago) ………………………………………………………

Exercise 2. Use your own ideas to complete sentences. Use past continuous:

1. Tom burnt his hand while he …was cooking the dinner …

2. The doorbell rang while I ……………………………………………….

3. We saw an accident while we ………………………………………….

4. Mary fell asleep while she ……………………………………………...

5. The television was on but nobody ……………………………………..

Exercise 3. Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple:

1. Jane …was waiting… (wait) for me when I …arrived… (arrive).

2. ‘What ………………….. (you/do) this time yesterday?’ ‘I was asleep’.

3. ‘………………………. (you/go) out last night?’ ‘No, I was too tired.

4. ‘Was Carol at the party last night?’ ‘Yes, she … (wear) a really nice dress’.

5. How fast ………… (you/drive) when the accident ююю….. (happen)?

6. John …………. (take) a photograph of me while I ….……. (not/look).

7. We were in a very difficult position. We …… (not/know) what to do.

8. I haven’t seen Alan for ages. When I last .. (see) him, be … (try) to find a job in London.

9. I ……….. (walk) along the street when suddenly I ………. (hear) footsteps behind me. Somebody …….. (follow) me. I was frightened and I …….. (start) to run.

10. When I was young, I …………………… (want) to be a bus driver.

Exercise 4. What can you say in this situation? Add a sentence with past continuous to say that an action lasted a long time:

You had to work yesterday. The work went on all day.

I was working all day.

1. You had to make phone calls. The calls went on all evening. …………

2. You had to wait in the rain. The wait lasted for half an hour. ……….…

3. You had to make sandwiches. This went on all afternoon. ……………

4. You had to sit a traffic jam. You were there for two hours. ...…………

5. Your neighbour played loud music. This went on all night. ………..….

Exercise 5. Find the second part of each sentence. Put each verb into the correct form:

Vicky (have) a beautiful dream when she (touch) the wire.

When Andrew (see) the question, when I (find) a £ 10 note in it.

1. The train (wait) when the alarm clock (ring).

2. I (read) a library book the crowd (rush) in.

3. Sarah (have) an electric shock he (know) the answer immediately.

4. When the doors (open), they (see) that the sun (shine).

5. When the campers (wake), when we (arrive) at the station.

Vicky was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang.

When Andrew saw the question, he knew the answer immediately.

Revise grammar (Past Simple, Continuous) to be ready for the test.