6 курс / Судебная медицина / Танатология_Учение_о_смерти_Рязанцев

[hevguo ex^_c < gZrm debgbdm [ueZ ^hklZ\e_gZ [hevgZy rbahnj_gb_c ^_\mrdZ ijh]ehlb\rZy [jbl\m ij_^\Zjbl_evgh k\_jgmlmx \ oe_[ghf fydbr_ < ibs_\h^_ [jbl\Z jZkijZ\beZkv b hklZ\beZ ]em[hdb_ j_aZgu_ jZgu kebabklhc <ke_^kl\b_ ihiZ^Zgby bgn_dpbb ba ibs_\h^Z gZqZehkv fZkkb\gh_ gZ]gh_gb_ ldZg_c b ^_\mrdm kiZklb g_ m^Zehkv

DZ`^uc [hevghc kh\_jrZxsbc ihiuldm kZfhm[bckl\Z i_j_^Z_lky ih^ gZ[ex^_gb_ ikbobZljZ Gh g_ \k_]^Z kZfhm[bckl\Z kh\_jrZxlky ex^vfb \ khklhygbb hkljh]h beb ojhgbq_kdh]h ikbobq_kdh]h jZkkljhckl\Z J_rZxlky gZ jhdh\hc rZ] b g_bae_qbfh [hevgu_ h^bghdb_ ex^b ij_klZj_eu_ bg\Zeb^u Ih`Zemc gb]^_ [hevr_ \ fbj_ djhf_ gZr_c [_a]jZfhlghc \ wlhf \hijhk_ kljZgu \ p_eyo kZfhm[bckl\Z g_ bkihevamxl mdkmkgmx wkk_gpbx b dZj[hnhk Ihke_^kl\by hl ijb_fZ wlbo \_s_kl\ m`Zkgu b qZs_ \k_]h \uau\Zxl ebrv ^hihegbl_evgu_ kljZ^Zgby g_ ^hklb]Zy ihklZ\e_gghc p_eb

<hl lml fu i_j_c^_f dh \lhjhc hkgh\ghc ijh[e_f_ gZr_]h jZa]h\hjZ²h ijZ\_ q_eh\_dZ \u[jZ\r_]h kf_jlv gZ ihfhsv \jZqZ h ijZ\_ gZ w\lZgZabx³lbomx kf_jlv´ Ijh[e_fZ w\lZgZabb ² ^h[jh\hevgh]h moh^Z ba `bagb g_bae_qbfh [hevgh]h q_eh\_dZ²rbjhdh h[km`^Z_lky gZ AZiZ^_ k dhgpZ o ]h^h\ < ]h^m ^hdlhj >`_d =_\hjdyg him[ebdh\Ze \ i_qZlb jy^ klZl_c \ dhlhjuo ijbau\Ze [_a[he_ag_ggh ebrZlv `bagb ij_klmigbdh\ ijb]h\hj_gguo d kf_jlghc dZagb Z bo l_eZ bkihevah\Zlv ^ey gZmqguo hiulh\ hl^_evgu_ hj]Zgu ² ^ey i_j_kZ^hqguo hi_jZpbc Iha^g__ klZ\ k\b^_l_e_f [_kkfuke_ggh `_klhdbo kZfhm[bckl\ =_\hjdyg ijbr_e d fukeb qlh hlqZy\rbfky [_agZ^_`gh [hevguf ex^yf j_rb\rbf ihdhgqblv k `bagvx g_h[oh^bfZ

\ wlhf ihfhsv

Hl keh\_kguo b ]Za_lguo \uklmie_gbc =_\hjdyg i_j_r_e d ^_em b aZiZl_glh\Ze k\h_ bah[j_l_gb_ gZa\Zggh_ \ihke_^kl\bb `mjgZebklZfb ³fZrbghc kf_jlb´ K ihfhsvx wlh]h ijbkihkh[e_gby \ \b^_ dZi_evgbpu fh`gh [ukljh b [_a[he_ag_ggh mf_jl\eylv ex^_c < ZiiZjZl_ [ueh ij_^mkfhlj_gh b ki_pbZevgh_ mkljhckl\h ^ey ij_ju\Zgby ijhp_^mju \ kemqZ_ _keb ^h[jh\he_p g_h`b^Zggh baf_gbl k\h_ j_r_gb_

Ihke_ ^he]bo ij_ibjZl_evkl\ h^gZ ba ³`_eluo´ ]Za_l \k_ lZdb j_rbeZkv him[ebdh\Zlv h[ty\e_gb_ >`_dZ =_\hjdygZ ijbf_jgh lZdh]h kh^_j`Zgby ³?keb \u j_rbeb mf_j_lv b ohlbl_ wlh k^_eZlv [_a[he_ag_ggh y ih^Zjx \Zf e_]dmx kf_jlv´

I_j\uf b ihke_^gbf _]h iZpb_glhf klZeZ e_lgyy >`Zg_l :ldbgk kljZ^Z\rZy g_bae_qbfhc [he_agvx < k\h_f h[hjm^h\Zgghf ih^ eZ[hjZlhjbx klZj_gvdhf Z\lh[mk_ =_\hjdyg ijb\_e \ ^_ckl\b_³fZrbgm kf_jlb´b ihke_^g__ qlh mkeurZe hl >`Zg_l² wlh³kiZkb[h´Ihlhf [ue ]jhfdbc km^_[guc ijhp_kk dhgnbkdZpby³fZrbgu kf_jlb´ h[_sZgb_ =_\hjdygZ [he__ g_ aZgbfZlvky ih^h[guf gbdh]^Z

< ]h^m <_joh\guc km^ DZebnhjgbb \ug_k j_r_gb_ ^Zxs__ [hevguf ijZ\h hldZaZlvky hl e_q_gby ih^^_j`b\Zxs_]h `bagv Wlhfm ijbf_jm ihke_^h\Zeb fgh]b_ ^jm]b_ rlZlu K_cqZk ijZdlbdZ w\lZgZabb ihemqbeZ \ KR: ^h\hevgh rbjhdh_ jZkijhkljZg_gb_ G_ ijh\h^blky j_ZgbfZpby _keb iZpb_gl aZ[eZ]h\j_f_ggh \ukdZaZeky ijhlb\ g__ Lh]^Z gZ^ _]h djh\Zlvx ihy\ey_lky lZ[ebqdZ k Zg]ebckdhc Z[[j_\bZlmjhc hagZqZxs_c ³g_ h`b\eylv GH´ JZkkdZau\Zxl qlh agZf_gbluc objmj] D ;_jgZj^ bkihevah\Ze w\lZgZabx ^ey h[e_]q_gby ihke_^gbo fbgml `bagb k\h_c fZl_jb >\Z ]h^Z gZaZ^ aZdhg h ijZ\_ gZ³e_]dmx kf_jlv´ijbgyl \ DblZ_

Ijb wlhf kms_kl\_ggh h dZdhc w\lZgZabb b^_l j_qv :dlb\gZy ² dh]^Z bkihevamxl kj_^kl\Z mkdhjyxsb_ gZklmie_gb_ kf_jlb i_j_^habjh\dZ kghl\hjgh]h kf_jl_evgZy bgt_dpby ih ijhkv[_ [hevgh]h b l ^ IZkkb\gZy ² [_a^_ckl\b_ \jZq_c

hldZa hl [hjv[u aZ `bagv iZpb_glZ LZd \hl \ KR: aZdhghf ijbagZgZ lhevdh \lhjZy nhjfZ Zdlb\gZy `_ xjb^bq_kdb aZij_s_gZ \h \k_o rlZlZo Z \ NJ= hgZ ij_ke_^m_lky \ m]heh\ghf ihjy^d_

<ijhq_f ^bkdmkkbb g_ mlboZxl J_eb]bhagu_ ]jmiibjh\db \ KR: ih^^_j`b\Zxl ijZ\h gZ ³]mfZggmx kf_jlv´ :f_jbdZgkdZy f_^bpbgkdZy ZkkhpbZpby ijbagZ\Zy iZkkb\gmx w\lZgZabx h]h\Zjb\Z_l __ p_euf jy^hf mkeh\bb AZdhg wlb mkeh\by ij_^mkfZljb\Z_l <he_baty\e_gb_ iZpb_glZ _]h aZ\_sZgb_ [ebadbf h[yaZl_evgu AZy\e_gb_ ^he`gh [ulv k^_eZgh \ khklhygbb dh]^Z q_eh\_d³wfhpbhgZevgh b mfkl\_ggh iheghklvx dhfi_l_gl_g´b ih^ibkZgh ^\mfy k\b^_l_eyfb

< BkiZgbb :kkhpbZpby aZ ijZ\h mf_j_lv ^hklhcgh hkgh\ZgZ _s_ \ ]h^m >ZlkdZy :kkhpbZpby ^h[jh\hevghc w\lZgZabb ^_ckl\m_l [he__ ^_kyldZ e_l G_ h^bg ]h^ gZ g_kdhevdbo yaudZo \uoh^bl f_`^mgZjh^guc `mjgZe³W\lZgZaby´

: dZd hlghkylky d wlhfm f_^bdb" Ih jZaghfm >\_ lj_lb njZgpmakdbo \jZq_c h^h[jyxl ^h[jh\hevguc moh^ \ kemqZ_ fmqbl_evghc b g_bae_qbfhc [he_agb < =heeZg^bb w\lZgZabx hnbpbZevgh ijbf_gyxl \jZqb b ih aZdhgm aZ wlh g_ ij_ke_^mxlky Gh h[s_kl\_gghklv R\_pbb =_jfZgbb BlZebb ;_ev]bb :g]ebb gZkljh_gZ j_rbl_evgh ijhlb\ w\lZgZabb AZ __ bkihevah\Zgb_ ij_^mkfhlj_gZ f_jZ gZdZaZgby²kf_jlgZy dZagv

: dZd j_rZ_lky ijh[e_fZ w\lZgZabb \ gZr_c kljZg_" IhdZ aZ jm[_`hf bsml g_ijhklhc \uoh^ gZrb f_^bpbgkdb_ wlbdb ]hj^h iZjyl gZ^ `bagvx gZau\Zy w\lZgZabx g_ bgZq_ dZd ij_klmie_gb_f i_j_^ ]mfZgbafhf ³<jZq_[gZy wlbdZ b f_^bpbgkdZy ^_hglheh]by´Z\lhj : : =jZg^h ba^Zgh \ Db_\_ \ ]h^m³H`b\eyy \k_o²ibr_l Z\lhj²fu kh\f_sZ_f ]mfZggmx ihfhsv [hevghfm k gZmqguf ihbkdhf´

Gh \j_fy ^_deZjZlb\gh]h ]mfZgbafZ moh^bl GZr_ h[s_kl\h \k_ gZ]ey^g__ h[gZ`Z_l kdjulu_ jZgvr_ ya\u Z ihlhfm g_ klhbl ljZlblv \j_fy gZ ihe_fbdm k gZq_lqbdZfb b imklha\hgZfb =hjZa^h ihe_ag__ ijbkemrZlvky d k_jv_aguf Zj]mf_glZf \u^\b]Z_fuf ijhlb\gbdZfb w\lZgZabb GZb[he__ ihke_^h\Zl_evgh hgb knhjfmebjh\Zgu \ ibkvf_ \jZqZ < Khdheh\Z³>_eh \ lhf qlh ih kmlb w\lZgZaby _klv m[bckl\h h^gh]h q_eh\_dZ ^jm]bf f_^bdhf : m[bckl\h ^Z`_ [_agZ^_`gh [hevgh]h q_eh\_dZ ^Z`_ ih _]h kh[kl\_gghfm `_eZgbx b ijhkv[_ ijhlb\hj_qbl kZfhc kmsghklb \jZqZ b kj_^g_]h f_^jZ[hlgbdZ Ijba\Zgb_ dhlhjhfm hgb ihk\ysZxl `bagv² [hjv[Z kh kf_jlvx Z g_ ihfhsv _c

?keb \jZq ih ex[uf khh[jZ`_gbyf kihkh[_g ebrblv `bagb ^jm]h]h q_eh\_dZ² _]h g_f_^e_ggh gm`gh ebrZlv ^biehfZ b[h hg ij_\jZlbeky \ k\hx ijhlb\hiheh`ghklv \ m[bcpm G_evay lZd`_ aZ[u\Zlv qlh \jZqb lh`_ ex^b Z q_eh\_dm k\hckl\_ggh ih^^Z\Zlvky kh[eZagm ?keb \jZq kihkh[_g m[blv q_eh\_dZ \ _]h bgl_j_kZo lh ihemqb\ ijZ\h m[b\Zlv aZdhggh ihq_fm hg g_ fh`_l wlh ^_eZlv \ k\hbo kh[kl\_gguo" <jZqm gZ^_e_gghfm ijZ\hf m[b\Zlv jZgh beb iha^gh ex^b i_j_klZgml ^h\_jylv k\hx `bagv B lZdbf h[jZahf h[s_kl\h ebrblky k\h_c f_^bpbgu

Bf_ggh ih wlhc ijbqbg_ gb h^gh a^jZ\hfukeys__ l_f [he__ ]mfZggh_ h[s_kl\h gbdh]^Z g_ iha\hebl k_[_ maZdhgblv \ k\h_c kljZg_ w\lZgZabx

<hijhk h [_agZ^_`ghklb [hevgh]h lh`_ g_ ijhklhc Kljh]h ]h\hjy d wlhc dZl_]hjbb ij_`^_ \k_]h ke_^m_l hlg_klb \k_o g_^hfh]Zxsbo klZjbdh\ \k_ hgb q_j_a g_kdhevdh e_l g_ba[_`gh mfjml Qlh bf lh`_ hldZaZlv \ e_q_gbb"

M[bckl\h ]mfZgguf g_ [u\Z_l Hgh \k_]^Z m[bckl\h : ]mfZgbaf ihlhfm b ]mfZgbaf qlh ihfh]Z_l ^jm]hfm \u`blv Z g_ mf_j_lv B h[s_kl\h _keb hgh ohq_l [ulv ]mfZgguf g_ ^he`gh gZ\yau\Zlv \jZqm h[yaZgghklb ijhlb\hj_qZsb_ kmlb _]h ^_yl_evghklb Ih^ dZdbf [u lh gb [ueh [eZ]h\b^guf ij_^eh]hf Ba\_klgh dm^Z hq_gv

qZklh \_^ml [eZ]b_ gZf_j_gby´

Ijb \k_c gZr_c m\_j_gghklb \ ijZ\_ [hevgh]h gZ w\lZgZabx wlb Zj]mf_glu klhbl mqblu\Zlv Im[ebdZpby njZgpmakdh]h `mjgZebklZ @ZdZ FZjb ;mj`_ \ ‹ ³IZjb FZlq´ hl ]h^Z \ua\ZeZ wnn_dl jZahj\Z\r_cky [hf[u < g_c jZkkdZau\Zehkv h km^_[ghf ijhp_kk_ gZ^ q_lujvfy f_^bpbgkdbfb k_kljZfb b kZgblZjdZfb kem`[u ]_jbZljbb f_^bpbgu ^ey ij_klZj_euo h^ghc ba \_gkdbo [hevgbp Wlb³bkqZ^by Z^Z ba iZ\bevhgZ ‹ ´ dZd bo hdj_klbeb `mjgZebklu m[b\Zeb gZ^h_\rbo bf ij_klZj_euo iZpb_glh\ < hkgh\ghf kihkh[hf m[bckl\Z kem`beZ i_j_^habjh\dZ kghl\hjguo b ^jm]bo kbevgh^_ckl\mxsbo ij_iZjZlh\ \\h^bfuo \gmljb\_ggh < gZqZe_ hgb m[b\Zeb jh[dh \u[bjZy g_bae_qbfuo [hevguo hkeZ[e_gguo fmq_gbyfb Gh aZl_f hkhagZ\ qlh hgb fh]ml ^_ckl\h\Zlv [_agZdZaZggh klZeb m[b\Zlv \k_o q_f lh g_ ihgjZ\b\rboky bf beb kebrdhf lj_[h\Zl_evguo klZjbdh\ GZ ^hijhk_ \ ihebpbb h^gZ ba f_^k_kl_j Kl_nZgby FZc_j ijbagZeZkv qlh m`_ \ l_q_gb_ ^\mo e_l k ih kZgblZjdZ <Zevljh <Z]g_j mqbeZ __ ^_eZlv aeh\_smx ijhp_^mjm ih^ gZa\Zgb_f³ihehkdZgb_ jlZ´aZ`bfZy ghk `_jl\_ b aZihegyy \ lh `_ \j_fy jhl \h^hc Kf_jlv gZklmiZeZ \ j_amevlZl_ hl_dZ

e_]dbo <Zevljh <Z]g_j g_m^Z\rZyky f_^k_kljZ ijbe_`gZy kZgblZjdZ ^_`mjysZy ih ghqZf \ \_gkdhc [hevgbp_ [_a khfg_gby kZfZy kljZrgZy ij_klmigbpZ \k_o \j_f_g Ihebpby g_ fh`_l mklZgh\blv iheguc kibkhd \k_o klZjbdh\²`_jl\ wlhc m[bcpu

beb"< k\h_c p_ib m[bckl\ <Z]g_j ihdmrZeZkv g_ lhevdh gZ [_a\_klguo iZpb_glh\ f_`^m __ jmd ijhoh^beb b agZf_gblhklb LZd ba\_klguc wdhghfbkl b @xeby >jZiZev [u\rZy [Ze_jbgZ l_ZljZ Hi_jZ \ <_g_ [ueb mkljZg_gu ijbf_jghc kZgblZjdhc

Wlb ij_klmigu_ ^_ckl\by dh]^Z klZjbdh\ ijbdZgqb\Zeb dZd ehrZ^_c \ua\Zeb gZklhysbc rhd \ Z\kljbckdhf h[s_kl\_ DZgpe_j NjZgp <jZgbpdbc hoZjZdl_jbah\Ze wlh ij_klmie_gb_ dZd ³kZfh_ `_klhdh_ b ly`_eh_ \ bklhjbb kljZgu´ Dmjl <Zev^oZcf kdZaZe qlh ³wlh ij_klmie_gb_ gZklhevdh m`Zkgh qlh \hh[jZablv k_[_ lZdh_ g_\hafh`gh´

Gh ijb\_^_ggu_ ijbf_ju g_evay h^ghagZqgh lhedh\Zlv dZd [_ah]h\hjhqguc Zj]mf_gl ijhlb\gbdh\ w\lZgZabb ;he__ lh]h hgb g_ bf_xl gbq_]h h[s_]h k w\lZgZab_c dZd lZdh\hc Gh d ]hehkZf ijhlb\gbdh\ w\lZgZabb klhbl ijbkemrZlvky qlh[u ba[_`Zlv \hafh`guo hrb[hd HdhgqZl_evgh \hijhk h[ w\lZgZabb _s_ g_ j_r_g ?]h ij_^klhbl j_rZlv gZf gZr_fm ihdhe_gbx _keb fu ^_ckl\bl_evgh ohlbf kqblZlv k_[y ihdhe_gb_f k\h[h^guo ex^_c k\h[h^guo \ \u[hj_ h[jZaZ `bagb b h[jZaZ kf_jlb

EBL?J:LMJ:

.DSDZ-LL+ G F Ij_^Zgby \_dh\ F©IjZ\^Zª

;m]Zgh\ < B Fbj bklhjbb Jhkkby \ ;9,,klhl_lbb F³Fhqh^Zy ]\Zj^by´ Jm^gh_ < : Ih bklhjbq_kdbf b dmlvlh\uf f_klZf Bg^bb²E GZmdZ´ KZfhm[bckl\h ij_ke_^m_lky" ³DhfkhfhevkdZy ijZ\^Z!‹ ghy[jy

GH g_ h`b\eylv³F_^bpbgkdZy ]Za_lZ´‹ k_gly[jy

Ijhl_klmx dZd \jZq³Ebl_jZlmjgZy ]Za_lZ´‹ ghy[jy

=E:<: ,9

Hiul kf_jlb beb l_ dlh \_jgmebkv

JZa\blb_ j_ZgbfZlheh]bb b bgl_gkb\ghc l_jZibb \ ihke_^gb_ ^_kylbe_lby iha\hebeh \_jgmlv d `bagb h]jhfgh_ qbkeh jZg__ kqblZ\rboky [_agZ^_`gufb [hevguo

;eZ]h^Zjy wlhfm m fgh]bo lukyq ex^_c \u\_^_gguo \jZqZfb ba khklhygby debgbq_kdhc kf_jlb ihy\behkv lh qlh ijbgylh gZau\Zlv³hiulhf kf_jlb´Hllm^Z ba aZ dZaZ\r_cky g_au[e_fhc q_jlu hl^_ey\r_c `bagv hl kf_jlb \ha\jZsZebkv ex^b b jZkkdZau\Zeb h k\hbo hsms_gbyo

< k_j_^bg_ o ]h^h\ gZr_]h \_dZ kibkhd [_klk_ee_jh\ KR: \ha]eZ\beZ dgb]Z Zf_jbdZgkdh]h \jZqZ JZcfhg^Z Fhm^b ³@bagv ihke_ `bagb´ \ dhlhjhc bf ijhZgZebabjh\Zgu ihjZabl_evgu_ k\b^_l_evkl\Z ex^_c i_j_`b\rbo khklhygb_ debgbq_kdhc kf_jlb³HibkZgby klhev koh^gu klhev `b\u b g_ij_h^hebfh ^hklh\_jgu qlh hgb fh]ml gZ\k_]^Z baf_gblv \a]ey^ q_eh\_q_kl\Z gZ kf_jlv `bagv b ihkf_jlgh_ kms_kl\h\Zgb_ ^mrb´ ²ibkZe `mjgZe³:f_jbdZ´\ bxg_ ]h^Z

< k\h_c dgb]_ ^hdlhj Fhm^b \u\h^bl lbibqgmx ko_fm debgbq_kdhc kf_jlb ijb gZklmie_gbb kf_jlb [hevghc mki_\Z_l mkeurZlv keh\Z \jZqZ dhgklZlbjmxs_]h e_lZevguc bkoh^ aZl_f keurbl g_ijb\uqguc rmf ]jhfdbc a\hg beb `m``Zgb_ b qm\kl\m_l qlh k [hevrhc kdhjhklvx g_k_lky kd\hav ^ebgguc q_jguc lmgg_ev Ihke_ wlh]h hg \g_aZigh h[gZjm`b\Z_l k_[y \g_ k\h_]h nbabq_kdh]h l_eZ \b^bl k\_l i_j_^ gbf ijhoh^bl \ky `bagv d g_fm ijboh^yl ^mrb ^jm]bo ex^_c qlh[u \klj_lblv b ihfhqv _fm hg magZ_l \ g_dhlhjuo kemqZyo k\hbo ^jma_c beb mf_jrbo jh^bl_e_c b i_j_^ gbf ihy\ey_lky k\_lys__ky kms_kl\h hl dhlhjh]h bkoh^bl lZdZy ex[h\v b ^mr_\gZy l_iehlZ dZdhc hg gbdh]^Z g_ \klj_qZe AZl_f hg qm\kl\m_l ijb[eb`_gb_ ]jZgbpu ba aZ dhlhjhc \ha\jZlZ m`_ g_ [m^_l b \ha\jZsZ_lky d `bagb

AZljhgmlZy JZcfhg^hf Fhm^b l_fZ lml `_ gZreZ wglmabZklh\ >hdlhj ikboheh]bb D_gg_l Jbg] kgZjy^be p_emx wdki_^bpbx ih debgbdZf rlZlZ Dhgg_dlbdml Blh]b ljbgZ^pZlbf_kyqguo bkke_^h\Zgbc ihdZaZeb n_ghf_g kms_kl\m_l b g_ k\yaZg k dZdhc eb[h iZlheh]b_c Gb bglhdkbdZpby gb kgh\b^_gby gb ]ZeexpbgZpbb a^_kv gb ijb q_f IjhZgZebabjh\Z\ kemqZy debgbq_kdhc kf_jlb ^hdlhj Jbg] dhgklZlbjh\Ze

ijhp_glh\ [hevguo bkiulZeb g_i_j_^Z\Z_fh_ qm\kl\h ihdhy ijhp_glh\²iZjbeb gZ^ kh[kl\_gguf l_ehf²ihfgyl jZaebqgu_ iZghjZfgu_ \b^_gby²\oh^beb \ lmgg_ev rexa f_rhd dheh^_p beb ih]j_[²^h kbo ihj \hklhj]Zxlky qZjmxsbf k\_lhf ijhp_glh\ ml\_j`^Zxl qlh \klj_qZebkv k mf_jrbfb jh^kl\_ggbdZfb IhdZaZgby \k_]^Z kh\iZ^Zxl [m^v lh iZpb_glu ba KR: kljZg ?\jhiu beb ba ;mjmg^b Zl_bklu ojbklbZg_ beb [m^^bklu kqblZxl eb hgb k\_l ijbjh^guf y\e_gb_f beb [h`_kl\_gghc [eZ]h^Zlvx²\k_ jZkkdZau\Zeb h^gb b l_ `_ \_sb

GZ ^jm]hf dhgp_ Kh_^bg_gguo RlZlh\ fheh^hc dZj^bheh] ^hdlhj K_c[hf jZpbhgZevguc b i_^Zglbqguc q_eh\_d ijhqblZ\ l_abku Fhm^b jZajZabeky ya\bl_evgufb gZkf_rdZfb b qlh[u kh\k_f m` g_ hklZ\blv hl gbo dZfgy gZ dZfg_ ijh\_e kbkl_fZlbq_kdh_ Zgd_lbjh\Zgb_ kj_^b i_jkhgZeZ j_ZgbfZpbhgghc kem`[u \h Nehjb^_ Dh]^Z `_ j_amevlZlu _]h bkke_^h\Zgbc iheghklvx kh\iZeb k ^Zggufb Fhm^b b Jbg]Z K_c[hf j_rbe ihk\ylblv k\hx `bagv bamq_gbx wlh]h n_ghf_gZ Hg ^Z`_ jZajZ[hlZe ^_kylbklmi_gqZlmx fh^_ev khklhygby debgbq_kdhc kf_jlb dhlhjZy l_i_jv ghkbl _]h bfy

BlZd ^Zgguc n_ghf_g kms_kl\m_l b ihemqbe ki_pbZevgh_ gZa\Zgb_ ³n_ghf_g G>?´ Zg]ebckdZy Z[[j_\bZlmjZ hagZqZxsZy khklhygb_ [ebadh_ d kf_jlb Hj]Zgbah\ZgZ ^Z`_ F_`^mgZjh^gZy ZkkhpbZpby ih bamq_gbx n_ghf_gZ G>? ij_^k_^Zl_e_f njZgpmakdh]h hl^_e_gby dhlhjhc y\ey_lky Emb <_gk_g LhfZ ij_ab^_gl NjZgpmakdhc lZgZlheh]bq_kdhc ZkkhpbZpbb _klv b lZdZy Bgl_j\vx k f_kv_ LhfZ [ueh him[ebdh\Zgh \ ‹ _`_g_^_evgbdZ³AZ jm[_`hf´aZ ]h^

Kh\j_f_ggu_ bkke_^h\Zl_eb kqblZxl qlh lj_lv iZpb_glh\ i_j_`b\rbo

debgbq_kdmx kf_jlv gZoh^bebkv \ khklhygbb G>? h^gZdh fgh]b_ hiulgu_ \jZqb \kx `bagv ijhjZ[hlZ\rb_ \ kem`[Zo³kdhjhc ihfhsb´gbdh]^Z g_ keurZeb beb g_ ohl_eb kemrZlv" dZdbo eb[h ih^h[guo k\b^_l_evkl\ H[tykgy_lky wlh l_f qlh ex^b iulZxsb_ky h[km^blv i_j_`bluc bfb ij_^kf_jlguc hiul qZs_ \k_]h klZedb\Zxlky kh kd_ilbpbafhf b iheguf g_ihgbfZgb_f Ihqlb dZ`^uc \ lZdhc kblmZpbb gZqbgZ_l hsmsZlv qlh hg q_f lh hldehgy_lky hl ghjfu ihkdhevdm gbdlh g_ i_j_`b\Ze lh]h qlh kemqbehkv k gbf Wlb ex^b aZfudZxlky \ k_[_ b klZjZxlky gbdhfm g_ hldju\Zlv qlh ijhbahreh k gbfb aZ ]jZgvx `bagb

H^gZdh n_ghf_g G>? ^he`_g [ue [ulv ba\_kl_g m`_ ^Z\gh aZ^he]h ^h ihy\e_gby j_ZgbfZpbb ohly fh`_l [ulv b g_ \ lZdbo agZqbl_evguo fZkrlZ[Zo dZd k_cqZk H[ wlhf k\b^_l_evkl\mxl hl^_evgu_ jZa[jhkZggu_ \ jZaebqguo bklhqgbdZo k\b^_l_evkl\Z <hl gZijbf_j hibkZgb_ ihkf_jlgh]h khklhygby ;eZ`_gghc N_^hju aZbfkl\h\Zggh_ ba bklhqgbdZ O \_dZ³Y h]eygmeZkv gZaZ^ b m\b^_eZ qlh fh_ l_eh e_`bl [_a qm\kl\Z b ^\b`_gby Ih^h[gh lhfm dZd _keb [u dlh k[jhkb\rb k k_[y h^_`^m kfhlj_e gZ g__ lZd b y kfhlj_eZ gZ k\h_ l_eh [m^lh [u gZ h^_`^m b hq_gv m^b\eyeZkv wlhfm´ Wlh hibkZgb_ ihqlb ^hkeh\gh ih\lhjy_l fgh]hqbke_ggu_ k\b^_l_evkl\Z ijb\_^_ggu_ \ dgb]_ Fhm^b

< [b[ebhl_d_ Ikdh\h I_q_jkdh]h fhgZklujy dhlhjmx fg_ ihkqZkleb\behkv ihk_lblv ojZgblky hq_gv j_^dZy dgb]Z ih\_kl\mxsZy h lhf dZd g_dbc jmkkdbc q_eh\_d ih[u\Ze³gZ lhf k\_l_´Dgb]Z krblZ ba kljZgbp³Ljhbpdh]h ebkldZ´‹ ba^Zggh]h \ Ljhbp_ K_j]b_\hc eZ\j_ \ ]h^m GZ lblme_ __ agZqblky D Bg_dmev³G_\_jhylgh_ ^ey fgh]bo gh bklbggh_ ijhbkr_kl\b_´ Ijb\_^_ggu_ \ g_c k\b^_l_evkl\Z lZd`_ kh\iZ^Zxl k m`_ hibkZggufb gZfb kbfilhfZfb n_ghf_gZ G>?

GZ dZjlbg_³Wfibj_b´]heeZg^kdh]h om^h`gbdZ ;hkoZ `b\r_]h iylv \_dh\ lhfm gZaZ^ ihdZaZgh³\oh`^_gb_ ^mr mf_jrbo \ pZjkl\h g_[_kgh_´IhjZ`Z_l m^b\bl_evgh_ kh\iZ^_gb_ bah[jZ`_ggh]h k jZkkdZaZfb ex^_c i_j_g_krbo debgbq_kdmx kf_jlv klj_fbl_evgh_ \jZsZxs__ky ^\b`_gb_ ^mr ih ^ebgghfm l_fghfm lmgg_ex \ dhgp_ dhlhjh]h kby_l g_\ujZabfh yjdbc k\_l

G_khfg_ggh l\hjq_kl\h fgh]bo om^h`gbdh\ ihwlh\ ibkZl_e_c iblZehkv hiulhf ex^_c agZdhfuo k n_ghf_ghf G>? I_j_qblZcl_ ³Kf_jlv B\ZgZ BevbqZ´ Ev\Z GbdheZ_\bqZ Lheklh]h²ihljykZxs__ hibkZgb_ n_ghf_gZ G>?

: \hl kp_gZ jZkklj_eZ Z^fbjZeZ DheqZdZ ba jhfZgZ ibkZl_ey wfb]jZglZ <eZ^bfbjZ ?f_evygh\bqZ FZdkbfh\Z ³AZ]eygmlv \ [_a^gm´ ³KljZggh gh :^fbjZe g_ mkeurZe \uklj_eZ b g_ ihqm\kl\h\Ze [heb Lhevdh qlh lh f]gh\_ggh lj_kgmeh b gZ^ehfbehkv \ g_f Z kjZam \ke_^ aZ wlbf \hagbd moh^ysbc \^Zev \bglhh[jZaguc dhjb^hj kh ke_iysbf gh \ lh `_ \j_fy ijZa^gbqgh mfbjhl\hjyxsbf k\_lhf \ dhgp_ m\e_dZy _]h d wlhfm k\_lm b hkbygguc hllm^Z \klj_qghc \heghc hg jZ^hklgh b hk\h[h`^_ggh jZkl\hjbeky \ g_c Ihke_^g__ qlh hg hlf_lbe k\h_c a_fghc iZfylvx [ueh jZkijhkl_jlh_ gZ kbg_f kg_]m _]h kh[kl\_ggh_ l_eh \^jm] klZ\r__ ^ey g_]h qm`bf´

IhjZabl_evgu lZd`_ ih lhqghklb om^h`_kl\_ggh]h \hiehs_gby kp_gu debgbq_kdhc kf_jlb ]eZ\gh]h ]_jhy \ nbevf_ Wev^ZjZ JyaZgh\Z³H^bghdZy f_eh^by ^ey ne_clu´ LZf ij_^klZ\e_gu \k_ dhfihg_glu n_ghf_gZ G>? ² g_ijb\uqguc rmf ^\b`_gb_ ih ^ebgghfm iheml_fghfm dhjb^hjm \klj_qZ k ^mrZfb mf_jrbo jh^bl_e_c iulZxsboky ihfhqv _fm ih^]hlh\blvky d i_j_oh^m \ gh\uc fbj khijh\h`^Zxsb_ ]_jhy ^mrb ih]b[rbo h^gh\j_f_ggh k gbf ex^_c²klZjbdh\ \hbgh\ Zn]Zgp_\ `_jl\ q_jgh[uevkdhc Z\Zjbb \ ki_pbZevguo aZsblguo dhklxfZo b gZdhg_p²yjdbc k\_l \

dhgp_ dhjb^hjZ ]^_ bkq_aZxl \k_ ^\b]Zxsb_ky d g_fm ^mrb

< k\h_c dgb]_ ³@bagv ihke_ `bagb´ JZcfhg^ Fhm^b hibku\Z_l h^bggZ^pZlv q_ldh jZaebqguo nZa hl ijhbag_k_gby \jZq_[gh]h \_j^bdlZ h gZklmib\r_c kf_jlb ^h \ha\jZs_gby d `bagb ohly [hevrbgkl\h³\ha\jZs_gp_\´g_ ijhoh^bl iheghklvx \k_ wlb nZau >Z\Zcl_ b fu jZkkfhljbf ih^jh[g__ g_dhlhju_ klmi_gb n_ghf_gZ G>?

N_ghf_g G>? dZ`_lky bamq_g m`_ ohjhrh b \ dZ`^hf kemqZ_ _fm \k_]^Z gZoh^blky dZdh_ lh h[tykg_gb_ Gh h^gZ \_sv ^h kbo ihj g_ mdeZ^u\Z_lky gb \ dZdb_ ko_fm hl^_e_gb_ hl l_eZ beb ^_dhjihjZpby DZd hlghkblvky d [hevguf dhlhju_ ihke_ hi_jZpbb gZqbgZxl jZkkdZau\Zlv h lhf qlh ijhbkoh^beh \ khk_^g_c dhfgZl_": ke_iu_ [_ahrb[hqgh gZau\Zxsb_ p\_l ]ZeklmdZ m objmj]Z" G_dhlhju_ j_Zgbfbjh\Zggu_ jZkkdZau\Zxl qlh \ i_j\u_ fbgmlu hgb g_ fh]eb ihgylv qlh ijhbahreh GZoh^ykv \g_ l_eZ hgb iulZebkv h[sZlvky k hdjm`Zxsbfb aZ]h\Zjb\Zlv k gbfb b k g_^hmf_gb_f m[_`^Zebkv qlh l_ g_ \hkijbgbfZxl g_ keurZl bo ³Y \b^_eZ dZd hgb iulZxlky \_jgmlv f_gy d `bagb Y iulZeZkv ]h\hjblv k gbfb gh gbdlh f_gy g_ keurZe´

HibkZgb_ ih^h[gh]h ihkf_jlgh]h i_j_`b\Zgby kh^_j`bl b lb[_lkdZy ³Dgb]Z f_jl\uo´ Mf_jrbc ]h\hjblky \ g_c dZd [u kh klhjhgu \b^bl k\h_ l_eh b [ebadbo hieZdb\Zxsbo _]h Hg lh`_ iulZ_lky hdebdgmlv bo aZ]h\hjblv k gbf gh gbdlh g_ keurbl _]h DZd b \ kemqZyo jZkkdZaZgguo j_Zgbfbjh\Zggufb hg g_ kjZam ihgbfZ_l qlh k gbf ijhbahreh

<h fgh]bo khh[s_gbyo mihfbgZ_lky h jZagh]h jh^Z g_h[uqguo kemoh\uo hsms_gbyo \ fhf_gl kf_jlb beb i_j_^ wlbf Wlh fh`_l [ulv `m``Zgb_ ]jhfdh_ s_edZgv_ j_\ klmdb k\bklysbc a\md ihoh`bc gZ \_l_j dhehdhevguc a\hg \_ebq_kl\_ggZy fmaudZ

QZklh h^gh\j_f_ggh k rmfh\uf wnn_dlhf m ex^_c \hagbdZ_l hsms_gb_ ^\b`_gby k hq_gv [hevrhc kdhjhklvx q_j_a dZdh_ lh ijhkljZgkl\h >ey hibkZgby wlh]h ijhkljZgkl\Z bkihevam_lky fgh]h jZaebqguo \ujZ`_gbc i_s_jZ dheh^_p g_qlh kd\hagh_ g_dh_ aZfdgmlh_ ijhkljZgkl\h lmgg_ev ^ufhoh^ \Zdmmf imklhlZ klhqgZy ljm[Z ^hebgZ pbebg^j Ohly ex^b \ wlhf kemqZ_ ihevamxlky jZaebqghc l_jfbgheh]b_c ykgh qlh \k_ hgb iulZxlky \ujZablv h^gm b lm `_ fukev

Fhm^b ijb\h^bl lZd`_ g_kdhevdh jZkkdZah\ j_Zgbfbjh\Zgguo h \klj_qZo ^jm]bo ^moh\guo kms_kl\ Wlb kms_kl\Z hq_\b^gh ijbkmlkl\h\Zeb jy^hf k gbfb k l_f qlh[u ihfhqv h[e_]qblv mfbjZxsbf i_j_oh^ \ gh\h_ khklhygb_

GZb[he__ g_\_jhylguf b \ lh `_ \j_fy gZb[he__ h[uqguf we_f_glhf \h \k_o bamq_gguo ^hdlhjhf Fhm^b kemqZyo [ueZ \klj_qZ k hq_gv yjdbf k\_lhf G_kfhljy gZ \kx g_h[uqghklv wlh]h \b^_gby gb h^bg ba iZpb_glh\ g_ khfg_\Zeky \ lhf qlh wlh [ueh kms_kl\h k\_lys__ky kms_kl\h h[eZ^Zxs__ ebqghklvx B^_glbnbdZpby wlh]h kms_kl\Z jZaebqgufb ex^vfb \_kvfZ jZaebqgZ b aZ\bkbl ]eZ\guf h[jZahf hl j_eb]bhaghc kj_^u \ dhlhjhc nhjfbjh\Zeky q_eh\_d _]h \hkiblZgby b ebqghc \_ju

>Ze__ ih hibkZgbyf kh[jZgguf Fhm^b k\_lys__ky kms_kl\h ihdZau\Z_l q_eh\_dm dZjlbgu dZd [u h[ahj _]h `bagb Wlhl h[ahj \k_]^Z hibku\Z_fuc dZd g_dbc wdjZg \b^bfuo h[jZah\ g_kfhljy gZ _]h kdhjhklv hdZau\Z_lky g_\_jhylgh `b\uf b j_Zevguf \ wlhf kh]eZkgu \k_ hijhr_ggu_ k\b^_l_eb G_kfhljy gZ lh qlh dZjlbgu [ukljh kf_gyeb ^jm] ^jm]Z dZ`^Zy ba gbo hlq_leb\h magZ\ZeZkv b \hkijbgbfZeZkv >Z`_ wfhpbb b qm\kl\Z k\yaZggu_ k wlbfb dZjlbgZfb fh]eb i_j_`b\Zlvky aZgh\h q_eh\_dhf dh]^Z hg bo \b^_e

< g_kdhevdbo kemqZyo iZpb_glu jZkkdZau\Zeb JZcfhg^m Fhm^b dZd \h \j_fy k\h_]h ij_^kf_jlgh]h hiulZ hgb ijb[eb`Zebkv d q_fm lh qlh fh`gh [ueh [u gZa\Zlv

]jZgbp_c beb dZdbf lh ij_^_ehf < jZaguo k\b^_l_evkl\Zo wlh y\e_gb_ hibku\Z_lky ih jZaghfm \ \b^_ dZdh]h lh \h^gh]h ijhkljZgkl\Z k_jh]h lmfZgZ ^\_jb h]jZ^u lygms_cky q_j_a ihe_ beb ijhklh ebgbb AZ wlbfb \i_qZle_gbyfb \_jhylgh klhbl h^bg b lhl `_ hiul beb b^_y b jZaebqgu_ ih nhjf_ jZkkdZau ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc ebrv bg^b\b^mZevgu_ ihiuldb i_j_^Zlv k ihfhsvx keh\ \hkihfbgZgb_ h[ h^ghf b lhf `_ i_j_`b\Zgbb

LZd dZd q_jlZ i_j_oh^ q_j_a dhlhjmx hagZqZ_l qlh gZaZ^ \ha\jZlZ g_l qZklh Zkkhpbbjm_lky k dZdhc lh \h^ghc ij_]jZ^hc lh \_jhylgh bf_ggh hlkx^Z kbf\he \h^u \ agZq_gbb ihke_^g_c ij_]jZ^u i_j_r_e \ kZfu_ jZaebqgu_ fbnheh]bb b dmevlmju >hklZlhqgh \kihfgblv j_db :b^Z E_lm Klbdk :o_jhg \ Zglbqghf fbn_ j_dm K_g^am m [m^^bklh\ Yihgbb b l ^ LZdZy ljZ^bpby [ueZ k\hckl\_ggZ b ^j_\gbf _]bilygZf GZ jbkmgdZo ba ^j_\g__]bi_lkdhc ³Dgb]b f_jl\uo´ k\h^Z bgkljmdpbc b aZdebgZgbc ^ey ^mrb mf_jr_]h ^mrZ ]hlh\Zy d i_j_oh^m ij_dehgy_l dhe_gb i_j_^ j_dhc hl^_eyxs_c a_fghc fbj hl aZ]jh[guo Ihe_c ;eZ]hkeh\_gguo ]^_ \_qgh [h]Zlu_ mjh`Zb h[_ki_qb\Zxl kulmx b [_ki_qZevgmx `bagv \k_f mf_jrbf

Gb h^bg ba iZpb_glh\ ^hdlhjZ Fhm^b g_ i_j_klmibe wlm q_jlm <_jhylgh l_ dlh __ \k_ lZdb i_j_klmibeb g_ kfh]eb \_jgmlvky b jZkkdZaZlv h[ wlhf <k_ `_ ex^b \u\_^_ggu_ ba khklhygby debgbq_kdhc kf_jlb i_j_`beb \ha\jZs_gb_ h[jZlgh hl dZdh]h lh fhf_glZ bo ij_^kf_jlgh]h hiulZ Ihqlb \k_ hijhr_ggu_ ihfgbeb qlh \ i_j\u_ f]gh\_gby bo kf_jlb ^hfbgbjh\Zeh [_amfgh_ `_eZgb_ \_jgmlvky h[jZlgh \ l_eh b ]hj_klgh_ i_j_`b\Zgb_ k\h_c dhgqbgu H^gZdh dh]^Z mf_jrbc ^hklb]Ze hij_^_e_gguo klZ^bc mfbjZgby hg g_ ohl_e \ha\jZsZlvky h[jZlgh hg ^Z`_ khijhlb\eyeky \ha\jZs_gbx \ k\h_ l_eh Wlh [ueh hkh[_ggh oZjZdl_jgh ^ey l_o kemqZ_\ \ dhlhjuo bf_eZ f_klh \klj_qZ kh k\_lysbfky kms_kl\hf

< kj_^gb_ \_dZ kqblZeb qlh ijbagZdhf l_o dlh ih[u\Ze gZ lhf k\_l_ y\ey_lky g_kihkh[ghklv kf_ylvky G_dhlhju_ baf_g_gby ikbobdb ex^_c \ur_^rbo ba khklhygby debgbq_kdhc kf_jlb hlf_qZxl ijZdlbq_kdb \k_ bkke_^h\Zl_eb JZcfhg^ Fhm^b kqblZ_l qlh i_j_`bluc hiul hdZaZe gZ `bagv j_Zgbfbjh\Zgguo hq_gv lhgdh_ mfbjhl\hjyxs__ \ha^_ckl\b_ Fgh]b_ ^mfZxl qlh `bagv klZeZ ]em[`_ b kh^_j`Zl_evg__ baf_gbeky bo \a]ey^ gZ khhlghr_gb_ p_gghklb nbabq_kdh]h l_eZ b _]h jZamfZ

NjZgpmakdbc ikbobZlj IZljbd >vxZ\jbg lZd`_ bkke_^h\Z\rbc n_ghf_g G>? ibr_l qlh ikboheh]bq_kdZy mjZ\gh\_r_gghklv j_Zgbfbgbjh\Zgguo ebp \ur_ kj_^g_]h mjh\gy m gbo ]hjZa^h f_gvr_ ijhy\eyxlky ikbohiZlheh]bq_kdb_ y\e_gby dhlhju_ [u\Zeb \ ijhrehf hgb mihlj_[eyxl f_gvr_ e_dZjkl\ Zedh]hey g_ mihlj_[eyxl gbdZdbo gZjdhlbdh\

DZd b ke_^h\Zeh h`b^Zlv hiul G>? hdZau\Z_l ]em[hdh_ \ebygb_ gZ hlghr_gb_ i_j_`b\rbo _]h ex^_c d nbabq_kdhc kf_jlb hkh[_ggh l_o ba gbo dhlhju_ ^h wlh]h g_ ^mfZeb qlh _klv qlh eb[h ihke_ kf_jlb < lhc beb bghc nhjf_ ih^q_jdb\Z_l Fhm^b \k_ wlb ex^b \ukdZau\Zeb h^gm b lm `_ fukev hgb [hevr_ g_ [hylky kf_jlb

KZfZy keh`gZy aZ^ZqZ dhlhjZy \klZ_l i_j_^ qblZl_e_f ihke_ agZdhfkl\Z k ijb\_^_ggufb nZdlZfb²wlh bo hp_gdZ ;hevrbgkl\h dhff_glZlhjh\ dgb]b J Fhm^b b klZl_c _]h ihke_^h\Zl_e_c _^bgh^mrgh aZy\eyxl ² wlZ dgb]Z hldju\Z_l gh\mx kljZgbpm \ ihagZgbb q_eh\_dhf kZfh]h k_[y hgZ ^hdZau\Z_l qlh `bagv q_eh\_dZ g_ ij_djZsZ_lky kh kf_jlvx l_eZ b ke_^h\Zl_evgh mdj_iey_l \_jm \ kms_kl\h\Zgb_ aZ]jh[gh]h fbjZ

Gh \hafh`gu b ^jm]b_ fZl_jbZebklbq_kdb_ lhedh\Zgby ijb\_^_gguo gZfb nZdlh\ Ebqgh y dZd q_eh\_d aZgbfZxsbcky l_hj_lbq_kdbfb b ijZdlbq_kdbfb

ijh[e_fZfb f_^bpbgu kqblZx qlh [hevrbgkl\h ba hibkZgguo n_ghf_gh\ \iheg_ fh`gh bgl_jij_lbjh\Zlv \ jZfdZo ba\_klguo [bheh]bq_kdbo y\e_gbc LZd ijb gZklmie_gbb debgbq_kdhc kf_jlb \ke_^kl\b_ ij_djZs_gby ghjfZevgh]h djh\hkgZ[`_gby j_p_ilhjh\ gZklmiZ_l j_adh_ bo dbkehjh^gh_ ]heh^Zgb_ gZ dhlhjh_ jZagu_ j_p_ilhju hl\_qZxl ih jZaghfm < kemoh\uo j_p_ilhjZo \hagbdZxl hsms_gby ihoh`b_ gZ rmf a\hg k\bkl \ ajbl_evguo ² \kiurdb yjdh]h k\_lZ HkljZy br_fbyh[_kdjh\eb\Zgb_ \_klb[meyjguo j_p_ilhjh\ \_jhylgh ijb\h^bl d hsms_gbx iZ^_gby \jZs_gby klj_fbl_evgh]h ^\b`_gby ih lmgg_ex G_^hklZlhd djh\hkgZ[`_gby ]heh\gh]h fha]Z fh`_l bgbpbbjh\Zlv jZ[hlm _]h dhju ijhy\eyxsmxky \ ihlhd_ \hkihfbgZgbc beb ijh^mpbjh\Zgbb h[jZah\ mr_^rbo ba `bagb ex^_c

LZd dZd m \k_o ex^_c j_p_ilhju j_Z]bjmxl h^bgZdh\h gZ g_^hklZlhd

=E:<: 9

³@b\hc ljmi´

< ihke_^gb_ ]h^u \k_ qZs_ i_jkhgZ`Zfb nbevfh\ m`Zkh\ klZgh\ylky `b\u_ ljmiu ³ahf[b´ =eZ\guc ]_jhc Zf_jbdZgkdh]h ijbdexq_gq_kdh]h nbevfZ ³Af_c b jZ^m]Z´DeZbj\bmk GZjpbkk ih^ ^_ckl\b_f y^h\blh]h ihjhrdZ ih]jm`Z_lky \ f_jl\uc khg gh ijb wlhf hklZ_lky \ iheghf khagZgbb ?fm km`^_gh klZlv k\b^_l_e_f kh[kl\_gguo ihohjhg Z aZl_f b wdk]mfZpbb < aZ\_jr_gb_ _fm ^Zxl ^mjfZg ihemq_gguc ba jZkl_gby ih^ gZa\Zgb_f h]mj_p ³ahf[b´ GZjpbkk ³h`b\Z_l´ gh \_jgmlvky d ex^yf m`_ g_ fh`_l Hg gZ\k_]^Z hklZ_lky³ahf[b´

GZkdhevdh j_Zevgu jZkkdZau h ijZdlbd_ dhe^mgh\ h =Zblb ih ij_\jZs_gbx q_eh\_dZ \ ³ahf[b´\ `b\hc ljmi"

< ]h^m wlgh[hlZgbd =Zj\Zj^kdh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZ Mwc^ >w\bk \ha]eZ\be wdki_^bpbx gZ =Zblb ;ueh h[gZjm`_gh qlh f_klgu_ dhe^mgu mf_xl ]hlh\blv y^ kihkh[guc \uau\Zlv ]em[hdbc e_lZj]bq_kdbc khg ?keb ihjhrhd \l_j_lv \ dh`m lh hg iZjZebam_l g_j\gmx kbkl_fm ^uoZgb_ ihqlb bkq_aZ_l K ihfhsvx f_klguo ^moh\guo kem`bl_e_c >w\bkm m^Zehkv \klj_lblvky k dhe^mgZfb b ihemqblv h[jZapu y^Z ^ey ZgZebaZ ?]h ]eZ\guf bg]j_^b_glhf hdZaZeky l_ljZ^hdkbg h^bg ba kZfuo kbevguo \ fbj_ y^h\ g_j\gh iZjZeblbq_kdh]h ^_ckl\by ij_\urZxsbc \ha^_ckl\b_ pbZgbklh]h dZeby \ jZa Y^ wlhl ihemqZxl ba ju[u ² ^\mam[Z ^bh^hg obkljbdk GZ =Zblb j_p_il wlh]h y^h\blh]h ihjhrdZ [ue ba\_kl_g _s_ e_l lhfm gZaZ^ IhdZ g_l m[_^bl_evguo k\b^_l_evkl\ lh]h dZd ^_ckl\m_l l_ljZ^hdkbg ihq_fm `_jl\Z hklZ_lky \

iheghf khagZgbb

IjZdlbdZ ij_\jZs_gby q_eh\_dZ \ ³ahf[b´ [ueZ aZ\_a_gZ dh]^Z lh gZ hkljh\ `j_pZfb³\m^m´b ihlhfdZfb q_jguo jZ[h\²\uoh^p_\ ba ;_gbgZ jZg__²>Z]hf_y Khklhbl hgZ ba ^\mo a\_gv_\ kgZqZeZ m[bckl\Z Z aZl_f \ha\jZs_gby d `bagb @_jl\_ dhlhjmx gZf_j_gu ij_\jZlblv \ ³ahf[b´ ih^f_rb\Zxl \ ibsm y^ l_ljZ^hdkbg ih ^jm]bf k\_^_gbyf y^ wlhl \lbjZxl \ dh`m M `_jl\u kjZam `_ ij_djZsZ_lky ^uoZgb_ kbg__l ih\_joghklv l_eZ kl_de_g_xl ]eZaZ²gZklmiZ_l debgbq_kdZy kf_jlv

Q_j_a g_kdhevdh ^g_c mf_jr_]h hl y^Z ihobsZxl k deZ^[bsZ qlh[u ydh[u \_jgmlv d `bagb LZd hg klZgh\blky³ahf[b´HkhagZgb_ k\h_]h³y´\ha\jZsZ_lky d g_fm g_ iheghklvx beb g_ \ha\jZsZ_lky \hh[s_ JZkkdZau hq_\b^p_\ \klj_qZ\rbo³ahf[b´ ]h\hjyl h gbo dZd h ex^yo dhlhju_ [_kkfuke_ggh kfhljyl i_j_^ kh[hc

Ih gZ[ex^_gbx bkke_^h\Zl_ey ijh\_^r_]h gZ =Zblb ljb ]h^Z ^ey ³ahf[b´ aZjZg__ \u[bjZxl gZb[he__ kbevguo nbabq_kdb ex^_c qlh[u ihlhf \_jgm\ d `bagb bkihevah\Zlv bo dZd jZ[h\ gZ ieZglZpbyo kZoZjgh]h ljhklgbdZ KljZo i_j_^ ij_\jZs_gb_f \ ³ahf[b´ gZklhevdh \_ebd qlh ihohjhgguc jblmZe gZ =Zblb \dexqZ_l jy^ ^_ckl\bc p_ev dhlhjuo ² ihf_rZlv ihoblblv mf_jr_]h qlh[u \_jgmlv _]h d `bagb DZd m`_ ]h\hjbehkv ijZdlbdZ ³ahf[b´ [ueZ aZ\_a_gZ gZ =Zblb g_]jZfb \uoh^pZfb ba ;_gbgZ Km^y ih \k_fm dZdb_ lh ijb_fu \ha[m`^_gby d `bagb ijh^he`Zxl ijZdlbdh\Zlvky \ ;_gbg_ b ih k_c ^_gv H[ wlhf jZkkdZau\Z_l Zf_jbdZgkdbc \jZq iml_r_kl\_ggbd dhlhjhfm kemqbehkv ih[u\Zlv gZ h^ghf ba lZdbo ³k_Zgkh\´ ³GZ a_fe_²ibr_l hg²e_`Ze q_eh\_d g_ ih^Z\Z\rbc gbdZdbo ijbagZdh\ `bagb Y k_e lZd qlh[u aZkehgblv _]h k\hbf l_ehf [ukljuf ^\b`_gb_f ijbih^gye _fm \_db qlh[u ijh\_jblv ajZqdh\mx j_Zdpbx J_Zdpbb g_ [ueh g_ [ueh b ijbagZdh\ [b_gby k_j^pZ Q_eh\_d [ue ^_ckl\bl_evgh f_jl\ Kh[jZ\rb_ky ih^ jmdh\h^kl\hf `j_pZ aZi_eb jblfbqgmx i_kgx Wlh [ueh g_qlh kj_^g__ f_`^m \h_f b juqZgb_f Hgb i_eb \k_ [uklj__ b ]jhfq_ DZaZehkv a\mdb wlb mkeurbl b f_jl\uc DZdh\h `_ [ueh fh_ m^b\e_gb_ dh]^Z bf_ggh lZd b kemqbehkv

³F_jl\uc´g_h`b^Zggh ijh\_e jmdhc ih ]jm^b b ihiulZeky ih\_jgmlvky djbdb hdjm`Z\rbo _]h ex^_c kebebkv \ kiehrghc \hiev ;ZjZ[Zgu gZqZeb [blv _s_ yjhklg__ GZdhg_p e_`Zsbc ih\_jgmeky ih^`Ze ih^ k_[y gh]b b f_^e_ggh \klZe gZ q_l\_j_gvdb _]h ]eZaZ dhlhju_ g_kdhevdh fbgml gZaZ^ g_ j_Z]bjh\Zeb gZ k\_l l_i_jv [ueb rbjhdh jZkdjulu b kfhlj_eb gZ gZk´

G_ bkdexq_gh qlh hq_\b^_p hibku\Z_l a^_kv g_qlh ihoh`__ gZ jblmZe ]Zblygkdbo³ahf[b´

JblmZe³ahf[b´ kljZgguf h[jZahf i_j_debdZ_lky k fZ]bq_kdhc ijZdlbdhc b ih k_c ^_gv [ulmxs_c m Z[hjb]_gh\ :\kljZebb Ih bo jZkkdZaZf aZibkZgguf wlgh]jZnZfb q_eh\_dZ aZjZg__ gZf_q_ggh]h \ dZq_kl\_ `_jl\u ihobsZ_l dhe^mg b iheh`b\ gZ e_\uc [hd \hgaZ_l _fm \ k_j^p_ aZhklj_ggmx dhklv beb iZehqdm Dh]^Z k_j^p_ hklZgZ\eb\Z_lky wlh agZqbl ² ^mrZ ihdbgmeZ l_eh Ihke_ wlh]h ihkj_^kl\hf jZaebqguo fZgbimeypbc dhe^mg \ha\jZsZ_l _]h d `bagb ijbdZaZ\ aZ[ulv h lhf qlh ijhbahreh k gbf Gh ijb wlhf _fm \gmrZ_lky qlh q_j_a ljb ^gy hg mfj_l LZdhc q_eh\_d \ha\jZsZ_lky ^hfhc ^_ckl\bl_evgh g_ ^h]Z^u\Zykv h lhf qlh k gbf [ueh ijh^_eZgh <g_rg_ hg gbq_f g_ hlebqZ_lky hl ^jm]bo ex^_c gh wlh g_ q_eh\_d Z lhevdh oh^yq__ l_eh

?s_ [he__ ihjZabl_evgu_ ijbf_ju ijb\h^ylky \ dgb]_ bklhjbdZ b ibkZl_ey :e_dkZg^jZ =hj[h\kdh]h ³< djm]_ \_qgh]h \ha\jZs_gby´ gZ hlju\db ba dhlhjhc

him[ebdh\Zggu_ \ `mjgZe_ ³GZmdZ b `bagv´ fu m`_ kkueZebkv : =hj[h\kdbc ijb\h^bl jZkkdZa kh\_lkdh]h bkke_^h\Zl_ey dhlhjuc ijh\_e jy^ e_l \ Bg^bb \ lhf qbke_ kj_^b ie_f_g b \ f_klZo kdju\Z_fuo hl \a]ey^Z klhjhgg_]h gZ[ex^Zl_ey < h^ghf ba lb[_lkdbo fhgZkluj_c _fm ^h\_ehkv gZ[ex^Zlv kh\_jr_gb_ h[jy^Z³jeZg]Z´ p_ev dhlhjh]h ² ihfhqv ^mr_ \ ihkf_jlghf __ khklhygbb Ijb [hevrhf kl_q_gbb gZjh^Z `bl_e_c [eb`Zcrbo ^_j_\_gv fhgZoh\ jh^kl\_ggbdh\ mf_jr_]h _]h ijbghkyl b deZ^ml gZ fhgZklujkdhf ^\hj_ I_j_^ gbf \ ³iha_ ehlhkZ´ jZkiheZ]Z_lky eZfZ <k_ kh\_jrZ_lky \ iheghc lbrbg_ Ijhoh^bl dZdh_ lh \j_fy b mf_jrbc f_^e_ggh ih^ufZ_lky =eZaZ _]h \k_ lZd `_ aZdjulu ebph hklZ_lky ebphf f_jl\h]h q_eh\_dZ >\b]Zykv dZd Z\lhfZl hg ljb`^u h[oh^bl ih djm]m f_klh ]^_ e_`Ze eh`blky kgh\Z b aZfbjZ_l ]hlh\uc d ih]j_[_gbx

>ey gZ[ex^Zl_ey kh klhjhgu _\jhi_cpZ kZfuf im]Zxsbf [ueZ ihq_fm lh g__kl_kl\_gghklv f_oZgbklbqghklv _]h ^\b`_gbc²wlh [ue dZd [u Z\lhfZl fZg_d_g dmdeZ dhlhjmx ihgm^beb \^jm] b^lb

Kh[bjZy fZl_jbZe ^ey wlhc dgb]b y gZlhedgmeky gZ ]Za_lgh_ bgl_j\vx k h^gbf ]bighlba_jhf dhlhjuc jZkkdZau\Ze qlh [eZ]h^Zjy jZajZ[hlZgghfm bf f_lh^m \gmr_gby _fm m^Z_lky aZklZ\eylv \klZ\Zlv b ^\b]Zlvky ljmiu g_^Z\gh mf_jrbo ex^_c Dhjj_kihg^_gl [jZ\rbc bgl_j\vx [m^lh [u kZf y\eyeky k\b^_l_e_f wlbo hiulh\ B ohly ^Zgguc fZl_jbZe dhk\_ggh hlghkbeky d bamqZ_fhc fghc l_f_ lZgZlheh]bb y hl[jhkbe _]h dZd Z[khexlgh \a^hjgmx ]Za_lgmx mldm <_kv hiul fh_c \jZq_[ghc jZ[hlu ijhl_klh\Ze ijhlb\ lZdh]h \hibxs_]h³\jZgvy´Y [ue m\_j_g b m\_j_g \ wlhf ^h kbo ihj qlh f_jl\Zy fZl_jby gbdZd g_ fh`_l j_Z]bjh\Zlv gZ ]bighlbq_kdh_ \gmr_gb_ L_f g_ f_g__ nZdlu ^Z`_ dZaZehkv [u ijhlb\hj_qZsb_ a^jZ\hfm kfukem ^he`gu [ulv lsZl_evgh ijh\_j_gu b ijhZgZebabjh\Zgu

<hafh`gh ijb_f djZldh\j_f_ggh]h ³h`b\e_gby´ ljmih\ \ lb[_lkdbo fhgZklujyo ^Z b kh\_lkdbf ]bighlba_jhf qvb dhhj^bgZlu y klhev ihki_rgh \u[jhkbe hkgh\Zgu gZ m\_j_gghklb qlh ^Z`_ ijb hlkmlkl\bb `bag_gguo nmgdpbc l_eZ dZdb_ lh mjh\gb khagZgby dZdh_ lh gZqZeh \ q_eh\_d_ ijh^he`Zxl \hkijbgbfZlv hdjm`Zxs__

?s_ \ k_j_^bg_ ;,; \_dZ Zf_jbdZgkdbf ibkZl_e_f W^]Zjhf Ih [ue gZibkZg jZkkdZa gZ wlm l_fm haZ]eZ\e_gguc³IjZ\^Z h lhf qlh kemqbehkv k fhkv_ <Zev^_fZjhf´ < jZkkdZa_ ih\_kl\m_lky h lhf dZd [eZ]h^Zjy fh^ghc lh]^Z f_kf_jbaZpbb ijhh[jZam kh\j_f_ggh]h ]bighaZ m^Z\Zehkv ^he]h_ \j_fy ih^^_j`b\Zlv ]bighlbq_kdmx k\yav k l_ehf mf_jr_]h q_eh\_dZ

Bkke_^h\Zgbyfb ihke_^gbo e_l mklZgh\e_gh qlh kf_jlv gZklmiZ_l g_ kjZam Wlh ihkl_i_ggZy ^ebl_evgZy w\hexpby hj]ZgbafZ k ba\_klghc \_jhylghklvx h[jZlbfhklb² hkh[uc jh^ kms_kl\h\Zgby Ljmi g_ bf__l [bhihey gh wlh lh`_ g_ ijbagZd lZd dZd _]h fh`_l ihl_jylv b `b\hc q_eh\_d b g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy `blv [_a g_]h Ljmi khojZgy_l hij_^_e_ggmx we_dljbq_kdmx Zdlb\ghklv ih g_dhlhjuf ^Zgguf ^h ]h ^gy dh]^Z j_]bkljbjm_lky ihke_^gbc agZqbl_evguc fha]h\hc bfimevk

>hdlhj wdhghfbq_kdbo gZmd nbabd ih h[jZah\Zgbx ;hjbk BkdZdh\ kha^Ze kf_emx ]bihl_am Kmlv __ \ ke_^mxs_f < kh\j_f_gghc gZmd_ gZdZieb\Z_lky \k_ [hevr_ ^hdZaZl_evkl\ kms_kl\h\Zgby \ ijbjh^_ lZdh]h n_ghf_gZ dZd fbjh\hc e_ilhgguc ]ZaFE= ijhgbau\Zxsbc \k_ l_eZ \k_e_gghc Hg wlhl FE= khklhbl ba k\_joe_]dbo fbdjhqZklbp k fZkkhc hl ^h ]jZffh\ < gZmqghc ebl_jZlmj_ hibkZgh fgh]h ^_kyldh\ jZagh\b^ghkl_c lZdbo qZklbp ² wlh we_dljhgu ihabljhgu fxhgu l_hgu g_cljbgh K_cqZk `_ ba\_klgu fgh]b_ jZagh\b^ghklb qZklbp bf_xsbo _s_ f_gvrmx fZkkm