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CHAPTER VІ

PROGRAM ON RESEARCH

METHODS OF ETHNOLOGY

6.1General provisions Objectives and goals of ethnographic research.

The purpose of ethnographic practice: first of all to consolidate the knowledge gained by students in lectures and seminars. Secondly, students-interns, participating in the expedition, master the skills of labor organization in the field and professional Ethnography. Thirdly, it sets scientific tasks for students-practitioners, develop professsional skills, and create prerequisites for their transition to the scientific path. The beginning of the scientific activity of students begins with the participation of students in scientific conferences and publications.

The invaluable importance of ethnographic experience in the education of students increases in the process of familiarizing students with the history, culture, customs, unique traditions of the local people.

Ethnographic experience – is lecturing related to communication with people, mastering communication skills, socio-political issues of trainees, all this is the highest pedagogical training.

The most important thing is to collect data on the region where ethnographic research is conducted. Among other areas of the Humanities characteristic Ethnography should have, first of all, fundamental knowledge that determines a specific topic, develop programs and methods of research. You do not need to go to field practice without prior training.

6.2 The main methodical provisions

In the course of field ethnographic studies, two main methods of material accumulation are used: regular and seasonal.

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1.Including carrying out ethnographic research methods in a sustainable way, in turn, adaptation to a longer existence within an ethnic group in the study region. Data collection, materials.

2.The peculiarity of the seasonal approach in the plan is that in most cases, important problems can be considered as soon as possible and field materials can be quickly collected.

The collection of materials about the life of the ethnic group in a seasonal expedition can be carried out in two ways: route and concentrated.

The survey of the route is carried out by the movement of the expedition on the "linear" route or the acquisition of materials for two to three days at each stop. A concentrated approach, in the course of the study, was considered the main base point (a certain locality) on the main object of the study, and the remaining neighboring villages are easy to consolidate and compare the collected materials.

6.3 Field research techniques

Field ethnographic experience summarizes the necessary materials, uses the following methods for research activities.

1.General provisions the method of observation allows us to generalize the concrete materials reflecting versatile aspects of a life of the population. Among them, living conditions, behaviors, the life of the local population, all this is an ideal material for a business ethnographer. All noticeable thoughts (things) of each ethnographer, not taken into account in the field records or other documents, should be contained in his diary.

2.The survey method is an important method of field research conducted by an ethnographer using selected information or information provided by the population of the area.

3.The method of the experiment is a joint stay with the social environment of the family or society in the field on holidays, in various events. This approach allows you to visually view more information about what features of traditions, how are held, who is involved. And in necessary cases have local population can be ensured, as fulfilled the certain tradition or the necessary events, but this should be conducted not in the form of Sakura, and natural (as the true) the form of.

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6.4 Registration of materials in ethnographic research

When studying the materials, questions should be asked in advance. Recording of objects and phenomena is performed in a strict order. Control of the labor process, the content and significance of other actions should be observed as the main type of inspection.

In each expedition, a lot of work is carried out to collect and register clothes, housing and other items of the material culture of the local population. It is necessary to include all pictures, drawings, plans, and coordinates, determined by the JPS.

Shooting plans for the location of settlements requires knowledge of the basics of topography. It is difficult to imagine a modern ethnographic expedition without a camera or video camera. In General, it is important to know every ethnographer every aspect of photographing objects and objects.

The main documents of the expedition are: diary, notebook, questionnaire, graphic drawings, video-sound and photo-video materials. These documents at the end of the expedition shall be archived.

Clean and clear labels, the pages of which are correctly numbered,greatly facilitate the use of the material in the next turn.

6.5 Collection of ethnographic materials

Currently, features of the culture of many residents who have survived previously are disappearing in the short term. It is important that ethnographers not only take part in the study of monuments, but also consider ways to protect them. To do this, it is necessary to collect collections and register monuments.

The first requirement for ethnographic collections is the presence of originality of the collected exhibits (belonging to the same type of historical era or type of area).

The second requirement is the acquisition of a set of items, not the acquisition of individual exhibits. In the course of such a gathering, a certain part of the folk culture or a certain part of the ethnic group is visible. If to study the method of early cultivation of land attention is paid to the means of labor, plant samples. All this should cover all types of work in this area, all stages of the production process.

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The work program of practice

The working program is to determine the main directions of trainees for the acquisition of ethnographic materials. In addition, the location of the program should coincide with the content of special courses related to the collection and processing of ethnographic materials held at the Department. As a rule, students of special professional groups of archeology and Ethnography are the main part of the ethnographic expedition. Recently, several universities are implementing projects on archeology and Ethnography.

Steppe of work known destination has a great influence on the conduct of ethnographic research.

During field expeditions, the ethnographer has to deal with various events and cover outside the program work. In this case, only his creative thinking of an ethnographer can help. And for the ethnographer, it is very pleasing that in the process of their work or some innovations they find revelations. Now let's focus on them individually.

Farms

The production activity of the person is the basis of his life. The specific production, peculiarities of the economic activities of man affect all aspects of culture.

Ethnography is mainly aimed at studying the historical form of management or the simplest forms of activity of economic sectors, backward forms of management. Their knowledge helps to understand the history of mankind, the mechanism of the historical process.

I. Including land Development

1.General terms and conditions of land development: a) revolution, b) collectivization, b) development of fallow lands: crops, acreage, land development techniques, tools, livestock shipped, humidification, use of air conditioners, collection and preparation of acreage, storage.

2.Economic and social status of land users.

3.Traditions and activities related to agriculture.

4.Landowners, scatology nomads.

5.Modern agriculture: changing the composition of crops, technical methods, agricultural calendar.

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II. Gardenings.

The value of the residence. Processing technique.

Population, vegetable, and fruit-availability of berries.

III. Farmings.

Information on the state of livestock: a) revolution, b) collectivization, b) the stages of development of fallow lands. Pastures and their seasonal use. The water of the ditch. Direction and length of the way of nomads. Land ownership, legalization and consolidation of borders. Composition and number of animals.

Information about folk veterinary medicine. National holidays associated with livestock. Processing of livestock products.

Means of labor: deer, mooring and mooring forms, types of saddles, haircuts and medicines.

The importance of animal husbandry at the present stage. Chan ging the content of livestock, labor organization, modern methods of pasture.

IV. Other types of economy.

1.General provisions Hunting. Hunter weapons and equipment. Methods of hunting: with weapons, dog, birds of prey. Traditions associated with hunting, the division of finds.

2.Fishing. Types, distribution, traditions. Fishing equipment: net, other species (for example, Kazakh "goose"), boats (bream, boat, Bird boat, etc.) b.).

The clothing of the fisherman.

Processing and consumption of fish products.

Before proceeding to the study of the national economy, first of all, to summarize the geographical conditions affecting the livelihoods of the population: climate and soil fertility, information about flora and fauna. Methods of fieldwork in the collection of data on the farm: getting answers to questions of the population, individual control, fixation of consuming substances, including (means of labor, the culture of cultivation, labor holidays, etc.).

Crafts and household activities

Applied arts and crafts, households are closely related to each other in the working and living conditions of the population. Basically, nomadic cattle breeding performs one of the leading efforts in

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the consumption of products and raw materials. We have to adhere to the following types of the economy to become witnesses of the most ancient professional Kazakh crafts.

Including the Main types of households and crafts.

1.General provisions Blacksmithing: ore mining, smelting of ores, production of tools, tools, equipment, armor, objects of blacksmithing use.

2.Jewelry art: art patch decoration from nonferrous metals, men weaving, gorges, weapons.

3.The art of woodworking: housing construction, production of two knives and other types of trucks. Making and acne household items.

4.Use of bones: manufacturing technique, material.

5.Leather business: manufacture of clothing, utensils (torsyk, Saba, etc.) b.), horse harness (bridle, note, fusion, weaving, etc.) b.)

6.Textiles: raw materials, machinery, for what purposes.

7.Knitting Alasha. The types of Alash, a knitting device.

8.Textile-sewing. Technique. Preparation for felt equipment.

9.Textile production.

10.Soap cooking. Raw. Processing.

11.Preparation of paints. Material, raw materials.

II. The value of the craft on the ground on the early modern stage.

III. Working room: workshop equipment, equipment, tools. IV. Sexual-age division in crafts: crafts of men and women.

V. methods of making masters and technical crafts for a particular craft.

VI. Organization of communication: before and now.

For an ethnographer, it is necessary to get acquainted with all stages of the implementation of the studied craft. Also, more information can be heard from the mouth of professionals of this craft. All items related to the craft are exhibits necessary for museums.

Housing, premises

І. Historical form of settlement is divided into: permanent and temporary. Time of settlement, name, number and ethnic composition of the population. What was the chosen place of settlement.

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Characteristics of moving-diffuse, diffuse, diffuse, diffuse, diffuse, ordinal, etc. b.

Accommodation of public, cultural, economic buildings. Location of burial grounds and burial grounds.

II. Changes in the Soviet period: features of housing construction and use of materials in connection with the transition to a settled economy.

Location, the geographical location of the settlement. National composition. Public buildings.

III. Location of gardens, construction of residential and comercial complexes.

Water supply: structure.

Summer houses (yurta, yards), farm buildings – their construction, as now constructed (Shoshana are located there, grave, etc.).bel.).

The device of furnaces and their application.

Gardening, gardening: the volume, location and composition of fruits.

IV. Residential house: Yurt-structure, short supply, the sequence of creation and demolition of the Yurt.

Methods of cleaning and binding the Yurt during the move. Cellars and basements-the type (one, two and three bedroom t

b.). Architecture, heating and lighting. Modern housing structure.

I. the internal equipment of a house, the name and application of each object. Street or light-oriented location of the house.

Location of doors, Windows. Floor.

Construction materials and equipment. Folk artist.

VI. Traditions, rites associated with housing construction. Residential construction features in connection with the holi-

days, the house, built in the wedding.

VII. Built home associated with kazalinskiy events: change internal and external look.

Clothing and decoration

І. Including Men's clothing.

1.General provisions Outerwear: shirt, cut, collar, cut. Trousers.

2.Outerwear: warm robes, material, color, seam.

Fur coats, wiping rags, takyrnye coats.

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Dresses Camisole or without women. The period of their origin, with some age wear.

Strapping. FiniCh. Items that are hung on the belts: a knife, a cap. Who wore them.

Hats: (tube, hat, мalachi, tymac, dalbera)b.);

Shape, cut, fabric, color, finish the character. An example of socks. Kyrgyz cap. Embroidery Golden color or other colors.

Types of shoes (nozzle, biaki, Slippers, biaki, etc.) b.). Men's haircut: men, men. Types of mustache, warts. Groom's wedding clothes.

II. Women's clothing:

1.General provisions a Shirt: cutting, collar, and a slit. Trousers.

2.Outerwear: coats: light, with cloaks or padded. Fabric, color, cut. Camisole: fabric, color, types of cutting, finishing.

Sleeveless dress: short or long.

Skirt, belt, knee: at what age and in what conditions dressed. Belt. Material and design.

Headdress (kimeshek, hat, tube, jelek, TB), towel head; Headdress girls. Tube: their shape, design.

5.Types of shoes (bran, masks, boots, boots, etc.) b.);

6.Haircutting for women and girls.

7.Decoration: bow on the ears, bow on neck and chest, bow hands, clothing, fog and eye.

8.Cosmetic.

9.Costumes of the bride and young woman. The image of dressing the bride.

III. Children's clothes.

1.General provisions Clothing of a young child. Type of clothing.

2.The times clothing children estimates.

3.The first hair loss in a child. The first customs and traditions associated with obtaining hair.

4.Festive, leisure clothes.

5.Iconic costumes.

6.Passionate clothing.

Food

І. Kitchen. The nature and composition of each national dish depend on many reasons. The most important of them is the geograp-

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hical location, the degree of development of the area, historical and cultural traditions and habits.

The methods of preparation and composition of the dishes used are in many ways inextricably linked with the spiritual worlds, religious prohibitions. Therefore, humanity pays great attention to culinary skills and shows great interest.

ІІ. Meat products

Including the largest amount of meat that is used for food. Methods of cooking meat dishes.

–methods of storage of meat (drying, drying, Smoking);

–products from the intestine (cereals, diapers, etc.) with.);

–dar guest, members of cada, members of the mixture;

–prohibitions related to meat.

III. Vegetable. The use of wheat flour. Types of preparation of cookies, flatbread , frying pan.

IV. Fish dish, methods of fishing and cooking.

V. festive and ritual dishes.

VI. Types of food: on the ground, Earthen table, high table. VII. The timing of the meal.

VIІІ. Food failures, temporary localization of some products. IX. The use of wild plants, drugs.

Х. Rites, rites associated with certain types of food or timing of food. XI. Boiler-types of dishes related to the hearth (kettle, boiler,

sub, vat, ladle, bucket, tag, ball, boots, bath, bucket, pot, pot, pot). ХІІ. Tableware.

Masters in the manufacture of dishes:

–the name of the object, its purpose in everyday life;

–types;

–year of manufacture;

–methods, technology, stamping dishes;

–rites, ceremonies, customs, rites, rituals, rituals, rituals, rituals related to kitchenware;

–what is the essence, the meaning of ornaments in the dishes?

Social life

For ethnographers, social life is interesting on both sides. First, the preserved early social relations make it possible to know the public

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attitude to the primary formations. Secondly, the norms of the social life of individual peoples and ethnic groups were characterized by large distinctive types and can be used as sources of ethnic culture and ethnic history of these peoples. The study of social life is necessary atpresent.

I. Including Traditions and norms of social life associated with production activities. Public rules for the use of agricultural land, pastures, water sources. The right of ownership or possession (example; land, livestock). Institute of gravity, its distribution. Rites of Asar, forms of Asar.

II. Traditions and norms of public life: public opinion, distribution of public duties.

III. The relationship between people and norms of behavior in society: the tradition of good-neighborly and neighborly help. The tradition to meet the guests. Communication with adults and younger ones. Social relations with women. Ethics. Forms of attention.

IV. Public holidays and meetings. Organization of national holidays, expenses. Organization of entertainment (wrestling, horse race, etc.) b.).

V. The attitude of the camels or to certain persons (special guest, a passenger, gentle, God welcoming the guest).

VI. Attitude to newcomers.

VII. Attitude to violators of public order. VIII. The attitude of honorable people.

As you can see in the program, there is a predominant individual method of control, it is impossible to know the behavior of many people in public relations through questions and answers or other types of fieldwork. These features are manifested in everyday life, and the residents themselves do not know.

Family and marriage

The special nature and forms of this social institution are associated with the socio-economic development of society. The ethnographer, observing family life, has a good opportunity to collect the relations between relatives, household moral, ethical norms in a family.

Including Historical forms of family and marriage

The specifics of the state and forms of this public institution are directly related to the social and economic development of society. An ethnographer who is observing a family collects valuable data on

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