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out by systematizing the data collected by the method of its direct control in various territorial divisions.

3.2 Field and ethnographic sources

Another circumstance that determines the characteristic nature of the field object of Ethnography: the main form of research is the relationship of historical culture with other ethnic communities in the historical and ethnographic region. Therefore, the subject of steppe Ethnography is only the local part of the ethnic groups, taking into account their historical and cultural ties with neighboring Nations.

The expansion of the sphere of integration of Ethnography with other Sciences, the emergence of interdisciplinary research, the theoretical refinement of the methodology of ethnographic science require the improvement of the source Fund used in ethnographic research. In modern Ethnography, a wide range of content of the concept sources. It includes ethnographic data obtained by direct control or obtained by studying the material data of the Museum and individual collections.

The concepts of the complex nature of the data used in Ethnography require improvement of the methods of its analysis. In this connection there was a necessity of the formation of special areas of ethnic and cultural sources, which are not geared towards "industrial" data but also on the results to obtain comprehensive information relating to the relevant area of study. Such a powerful and defined modern directions of development of Ethnography conclusion creates the possibility of appeal to ethnographic data.

3.3 Fundamentals of organization of field expedition

The study of methods of field research. When conducting ethnographic studies, it is important to determine the special organizational tasks, the choice of research units and tools.

Historically, there were two methods of field research: stationary and field expeditionary forms. The ancient tradition of steppe Ethnography is a regular approach or a permanent expedition.

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The stationary method is the study of an ethnographer who spends a long time of life in the studied ethnic environment. In this case there is no strict chronological circle. The stationary approach to the organization of fieldwork is applied depending on the culture of the ethnic community, monographic studies of the language or indepth study of various aspects of traditional everyday culture. The advantages of the stationary approach make it possible to systematically use the possibilities of ethnographic control.

Currently, the expedition approach to the organization of fieldwork is widespread. This approach is applied in short-term target or thematic, long-term target cyclic and long-term complex monographic expeditions.

The duration of the expedition can last from several weeks to several months and is determined by the tasks during the field work.

Among the expeditions, the terms of short-term target or thematic expeditions are shortened, the task of which is to study in depth several, even one component of traditional household culture.

The main drawback of short-term expeditions in long-term cyclic, complex, monographic expeditions allows not to repeat the continuity of the collected data. They deeply study the culture of the ethnic community.

One of the types of methodological supply of field Ethnography is the choice of the form of research-the choice of the method of study of the territory in which the ethnic community lives. It depends on the goals, objectives, themes, expedition works, as well as the type of the expedition, its technical equipment, the presence of the vehicle and the demographics of the district. In the field of Ethnography, as a rule, there are two kinds of research areas.

In short-term, targeted or thematic expeditions, full-scale route surveys, used in both route and complex expeditions, are widespread. This approach, depending on the ethnic map pre-selects the main wintering, working area, where the path of the linear route of the expedition. The selected wintering areas are the main research units where the expedition operates in a pre-planned period. The advantage of the route approach of the study is the wide coverage of the territory where the studied ethnic community lives.

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3.4 Selective approach in the field of ethnographic research

The research method of the "selected" type. The following method of study is the research method of the item that is used in comprehensive monographic expeditions with the long-term cycle. As the principles of the route approach, he also chooses the base point of the study. It is usually an integrated point: administrative or economic center, where the research group is supposed to be located. The collection of ethnographic materials on the research topic is held here. And members of the group visit nearby wintering for two days and make "branches". This approach makes it possible to determine the local characteristics of the culture. The period of work can be longer, i.e. more than two weeks, which allows deeper research than the route method, however, it limits the territorial coverage due to the reduction of working time on the route. The punctual approach is used in the collection of data on monographic topics, in the study of the Ethnography of the city. Along with a long-term expedition, it can be seen as a classic sustainable approach.

Along with the methods and methods of organization of field research, the researcher should be guided by the types of research that choose or define the main forms of fieldwork . In General, they correspond to the methods and methods of research.

You can name two types of research: fully and partially.

The sample survey corresponds to short-term target or thematic expeditions, working in the structure of the organization of fieldwork route. In this case, depending on the scientific topic as the subject of research selected a particular phenomenon of culture, and as research units are determined by the list of wintering.

A complete study requires the collection of data on all cultural compositions within the entire territory where the ethnic community lives. Of course, this position requires a lot of effort and money. Therefore, the full study is used to collect data for regional studies, historical and ethnographic mapping.

Thus, the main components of the organizational basis of field Ethnography, having a certain structure, are the method of organization of research or type of expedition (stationary or expeditionary), the method of organization of research or coverage of the territory in the conditions of ethnic community (route or Bush), and types of

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research aimed at the subject of fieldwork (continuous or selective). The basics of the interaction between the organizational guidelines of field Ethnography can be presented in the form of a table (table 2).

The system of research units is of great importance in the organization offieldwork. The definition of the field object of Ethnography shows that ethnos is a complex organized structural phenolmenon. On the one hand, it consists of simple ethnic units, on the other hand, it is part of the ethnographic unit of a higher taxonomic degree. Research in field Ethnography also depends on the subject of research. It is related to the volatility of ethnic characteristics of traditional everyday culture at different levels of ethnic communities. The method of selection of research units is based on this. Depending on the choice of research units, methodological and organizational forms of field Ethnography change.

A simple manifestation of ethnic qualities "ethnographer" can be considered a person. Ethnographer in conversation with him receives information on the research topic. In this case, the psychological principles of a person are considered as a person, a way of life associated with a particular ethnic environment. In this context, a person is studied in traditional ethnographic studies as a carrier of information or an informant.

The family is regarded as one of the following units with ethnic characteristics. The historical change in the social activity of the family allows us to consider it as an ethnosocial organism in a particular ethnic environment. The family is a stabilizing ethnic tradition, ensures the achievement of ethnic qualities of culture from generation to generation.

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The settlement is considered as the main structural unit of field research. Now it can be both a small village, and wintering of city type, and the city. The study of cities should pay special attention to its diversity in the social, cultural and ethnic environment. This requires that each component be treated as a separate research unit.

The next unit of field research is the ethnic parts, which are considered as an ethnic and ethnographic group. This is a historically formed part of the ethnos with group features of culture. Their research provides information about the history of ethnic communities, the reasons for the formation of its cultural characteristics. The monographic approach to the study of ethnic community describes its ethnic part as a set of cultural parts.

Questions to test students' knowledge:

1.General provisions the Main purpose of ethnographic practice?

2.Randomness in the method of studying Ethnology?

3.Who's the Informant?

4.Comparison of two types of research (fully and partially)?

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CHAPTER IV

SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT FIELD ETHNOGRAPHIC

EXPEDITION

4.1 Development of the organizational framework. Expedition program

Organizational foundations of the field of Ethnography require prior careful preparation of the expedition. It has several directions: scientific supply, acquisition and material support.

Scientific supply begins with the justification of the relevance of the problem of accumulation of the source on the research topic.

Ethnographic research uses various data that should be taken into account when preparing for fieldwork. They have the following objectives: a collection of information on the study area; a collection of data on the topic: ethnographic literature, archives, Museum data; a collection of data on the methodological equipment of fieldwork on the topic and the study area.

After collecting accurate data, one of the important stages of the scientific supply of the expedition was selected, a fieldwork program was formed.

The program of ethnographic research is a document of the expedition, which specifies the following items:

1.General provisions scientific substantiation of the necessity of expedition research.

2.The main problem of the expedition research is the goal.

3.A separate issue is a collection of tasks aimed at the implementation of a common problem.

4.Basics of organization: type of expedition, methods and aspects of research.

5.The work area and temporary work schedule in the area, route, and temporary work schedule on the route

6.The team-allocation of duties and individual problems of the members of the expedition.

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7. Applications: list of manuals, methodological techniques, including written techniques used in the collection of field data.

If the expedition consists of several groups, each group should have its program, which provides for items 3-7 of the General expedition program.

Thus, the program sets out the content of the expedition. It should be borne in mind that the meaning of the concept of "program" has a bilateral interpretation of the field of Ethnography. The organizational document is the "program of expedition work" by the General meaning of the term "program". Also, there are General research programmers for all professionals working on one specific subject. Such programmers are the basis for the creation of a questionnaire for the collection of field data.

Ethnographic survey and its tasks. The basis of the collection of materials used in the collection of field ethnographic material is ethnographic questionnaires and questionnaires. The presence of two types of tools is associated with two types of questionnaires used in Ethnography. The first interview or face-to-face survey. It is conducted by an ethnographer researcher-ethnographic survey. The second questionnaire or survey correspondence, with a questionnaire given to the informant for self-completion.

The Ethnographic survey is more widespread than the questionnaire. This is due to the advantage of getting an interview, as it is possible to correct and clarify the information obtained directly during the interview.

Let's focus on the methodological foundations of the structure of the questionnaire. When developing it, you should first refer to the objectives of the study. Depending on the tasks to be solved, questionnaires can be classified:

–according to the territorial scope of the study can be divided local and aroma stone questionnaire;

–for research-monographic or complex and problem surveys;

–questionnaires depending on the method of work and the nature of the data are sent to the method of conducting interviews in the field or questionnaires with questionnaires;

–questionnaires by volume are divided into full, short and se-

lective.

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Currently, two types of questionnaires classified by the internal organizational methods are used in questionnaire methods: standardized non-standardized surveys.

The next type of ethnographic tools used in the field is a questionnaire. The questionnaire is a questionnaire for receiving answers to the questions made under a certain program. The questionnaire is used as a technical means of organizing an external survey in the questionnaire. The questionnaire survey consists of three elements: preparation of questionnaires, distribution and research.

Several types of questionnaires are used in field Ethnography. Handouts are sent by mail or published on the pages of the press. The participation of the researcher in this form of questionnaire is not required. The next type of temporary questionnaire can be used by the researcher in the field to systematize the data or control the information received. Most often, the questionnaire is used in conjunction with the work of the control method.

Questions to test students' knowledge:

1.General provisions what types of questionnaires are there?

2.Methods of dialogue with the Respondent?

3.Diversity and main types of surveys?

4.2The material equipment of the expedition

–Diary of an ethnographer. Drawing, drawing and copying tools. The field diary is the main document for the systematic collection of official data. The official information includes the current fieldwork field work: routes, chronological and regional relations, working conditions, organizational stages, in particular the processsing of lists of information providers, the list of institutions visiting the working area. In the field diary, it is necessary to touch the results of individual observation, for example, the General characteristics of the place of residence, various household plots, personal attitude to some cases, comments and opinions formed in the process of collecting material. It is here that it is necessary during the day to write down the questionnaire, the results of observations, lists of records, drawings, information about the volume of work performed

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on the tables, and photographs should be kept accordingly. 4.2. The material equipment of the expedition.

A Field notebook is necessary to maintain data on the topic under study. According to the two main generalized flows of information in the field notebook recorded the results of individual control on the subject and personal information, working photos and information on working with developers. You can enter work drawings, drawings, tables and information to Supplement the questionnaire in the notebooks.

The results of observations are recommended to be recorded in the field diary as daily records continuous monitoring requires daily maintenance on the job. The content of the record is directly dependent on the results of the control and is loaded into a solid laying indicating the source, time and place of the control. Since the diary is kept in chronological order, it is necessary to provide it with pointers of systematic control materials on the topics.

The Diary of the initiator of the study is the only document recording any information collected during the shooting. The basis of this daily organization is a chronological method, respectively, is dominated by daily records. At the end of the recording materials are systematized and compiled thematic links and explanations.

A thematic diary is another type of field document. It includes not only daily records, but also "accurate" records according to the research topic. As indicated above, such a diary is provided by the subject of a reference to daily and other relevant records not related to special "specific" records. A clear and daily view of the entries in this field diary will be equal in size.

The last type of diary is a diary of ethnographic research. Here time, place, etc b. the conditions of work is a formal document which records. Materials in the form of research are systematized in a thematic form on "specific" records. At the same time they are on separate sheets and then grouped depending on the subject of the study. In this case, the "accurate" records will be greater than the daily records.

Modern field diaries take into account the established tradition, but are processed very purposefully. Each type of field documents is recommended to be kept in a separate notebook.

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In the field, ethnographic drawing can often be seen as a respect for tradition, as it has now completely replaced photography. It is especially widely spread with the appearance of colored and affordable photographic materials. Currently, photography is an image of ornamental ornaments, as well as very complex parts of objects, structural details, etc. b. used in photography. Ethnographic images, like other types of marking, should be reflected the specific image of the object under study and its characteristics, such as color, material, volume and shape. The specificity of ethnographic photography is its scale.

The ethnographic pattern can be attributed to drawing. It is often used for the labeling of the tables and plans. Photographing the plans is made at the place of residence and they are not complexes, commercial areas, cemeteries, procedural areas, etc. b. used in the marking.

In the linear planning of the settlement, you can use the method of photographing the plan with the help of the highway. To do this, at the place of residence, according to the plan, we build a conditional straight line. On the shooting objects from the highway are applied directly perpendiculars, which measured the scale distance between them, the points at which the object is located.

At the end of the survey, the auxiliary cracks are switched off according to the plan, when using non-standard symbols on the edge of the road or the outer surface of the sheets, the documentation is filled in, a table of symbols is provided.

Contour diagrams of clothing ethnographic method of drawing, their seam, structural designs of complex composite parts, diagrams, dwellings and commercial and residential premises, kinetogram (graphics table the motion), games, etc. b. the schedule is deleted. Drawing structures drawn in accordance with their design features, drawn a horizontal plan of each floor, the dimensions of which are calculated by the number of layers, as well as drawn vertical horizontal and horizontal profiles. Vertical images can be accurate, which means that the contour section can be applied with the involvement of those who are outside the line of painting.

First, the outline of the structure is drawn, then its internal plan, premises and interior are marked. Rectangular structures are measured in width and length. And if the structures with the wrong

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