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.pdfshape, as well as in buildings with different wall thicknesses try to bring them into the correct shape (the shape of a rectangle or square).
In the construction plans with a conventional sign there is information about what material the walls are made of. In accordance with the task in the construction plan are composed of individual elements of the interior or interior schedule yourself.
– Necessary measuring and technical means of the ethnographer, photographic equipment and photographic materials. Photography is the most common type of description of documents, personal data and information about the results of individual control. More on the technique of photography. Here it is necessary to use such important things as composition, plotting, shooting prospects, angles, contrasts, accounting for lighting. It is necessary to use different methods of photography in functional form-reportage (photographing actions and processes), subject (dishes, clothing, architectture, interior, etc.) b.), portrait, special, for example, macro. All of this is well beyond methods of the field of Ethnography. In General, one of the mandatory conditions of ethnographic documentation is the specification of the size, large-scale measurement of ethnographic shooting and filming objects. To do this, the length of 10-20 cm. scale bars, made in the frames of shooting from a distance of 1 cm to highlight the details and place in black. When at hand there is no scale ruler, put a sign of a known size. As an object defined by this size, most often we get a match.
When shooting, you need to make several projections of the object. For example, clothes are removed in three different projections
– front, back and sides. When photographing large objects in the figure, it is applied so that it is visible from 2-3 sides of the object. Photos, such as a description, are cut from the overall view for each detail. For example, when photographing a house is removed from the appearance of the house on its frame, internal and external structure.
The results of the lowered matches are taken in a photo contest, photo contests require work with field documents and describe the shooting in each frame. Certain drawings, in particular, objects of labor, clothes, houses, some actions belong to the ethnographic collection. Therefore, a lot of information about the original can be obtainned from these paintings. The journal complements the descriptions
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and biographical information of the registered object or phenolmenon.
The photo contest is held in a separate notebook, especially for each camera. All expedition or detachment cameras are assigned an index, as a rule, A, B, C, etc. b. it is denoted by letters, such as: as an Indian, you can get the initial of the researcher working with this device. The index of the camera is recorded on the title of the photo contest, and the indices of all cameras should be recorded in section 7 of the expedition program. For example, Photo diary No. 1; Photo diary No. 2; Photo diary No. 3.
And daily work fills in the cover sheet, worksheet No. series, no disk, no audiocassette and personnel records.
Photo contact sources of information, for example, a data record of the meeting, plans, drawings, tables, graphs etc. intended to remove. Therefore, photo diaries and other photo diaries should have the necessary links. For example, relevant information about the phenomenon and the object reflected in the field diary should be reflected in the photo contest. In the field diary should be specified the number of the frame and film on which the object is applied, the index of the camera. The same requirements apply to other field materials: drawings, plans, phonograms, etc. b. accordingly. However, in the field, a photo contest is also a package list.
After taking pictures, photos are marked in two ways on special discs. The model of the camera and the disc number are recorded on the free end or shown on the medical label on which the videotape was wrapped, basically, the second method of marking is very convenient, since it protects the cassette from an additional accident. In case of appointment of a second way before the release of the bucket the entire set of information should be translated at the end of the film. Efficiently store special discs with the use of modern recorders.
4.3 Methods of direct control
The method of direct control is a set of methodological techniques used in the Assembly of field ethnographic materials. The complexity of the method is characterized by the complexity and diversity of ethnic characteristics and the interaction of many traditional
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household elements. In this regard, in the field of Ethnography there were several interrelated approaches, but in practice, even with the preparation of methodological justification, utilization cannot be used only one. For example, when collecting material on the topic of "Housing" the researcher uses individual control on household topics. First of all, it is necessary to prepare questionnaires related to construction equipment, materials, terminology and so on. Also, various methods of recording are used: drawing structural units, drawing plans, photographing, collecting collections, working with documentary sources. Such a methodological approach involves the creation of a spiritual or social sphere of ethnic life.
This methodological approach is used in the study of the material justification of customs and traditions, social or spiritual way of life of the ethnic group.
Also, the approaches included in the direct method of control directly affect the state of health and performance, so each of them has an independent methodological justification.
Control (individual, continuous). By the generally accepted concept of "control" is a General characteristic of specific actions, giving a definition. Given that control is a subjective factor, we see the objectivity of the basic condition of control. The objectivity of the results obtained in the previous methodical such situation to return control or in other ways, for example, survey, experience, etc. we can say that the test is necessary.
Currently, the field of Ethnography should say that the control or probation properly used force. It is very difficult to explain. The answer to these questions is explained by the lack of methodological AIDS in Ethnography. Often the control understands that it is simply control over a certain action or phenomenon. In principle, this is a very bad opinion and is especially contradictory to the approach of field Ethnography.
Thus, control not only the visual perception of humans, but this is a special "science-based, informed and organized the definition of the item with the marking". Therefore, it is not only a methodological approach, but also a kind of "method" or task to work in the field. The main requirement for control is continuity. This requires that any methodological approach that forms the basis of field Ethnography is used very well when writing on paper with questionnaires.
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Control is also a source of complete and accurate information about the phenomenon under study.
Before carrying out control by this method, the researcher should pay attention to the following requirements. These include the following:
1.General Definition of the object and type of control, which means "what should be controlled? response to a question". For example, we will take a certain address under control, including traditional clothing. Any activities related to control may include non-artificial traditional rites or rites in which the researcher may participate outside the ethnographer's Board or in the same activities as himself.
2.Define the purpose and objectives of the control, "why do you need to control?" to get an answer to the question. For example, actions in a household, functional, comparable historical or other accounting value, which are subsequently evaluated comparatively.
3.Determination of the method of control, "how to control?". Ethnography mainly uses two different methods of control: added and not included. Previously on unregistered control the population gets acquainted with research works. And the included method is anonymously controlled and "hidden camera made you save!" work is carried out in value. The information obtained by the added control method is very reliable and reliable. The researcher provides the scientist with a lot of information.
When working with the control method, it is necessary to take into account two different groups of errors encountered in the process of evaluation and adoption of controlled actions in any form. The first group of errors can be called" errors of the study management or the effect of the control substance". This includes the following cases:
1.General provisions Direct influence of the researcher on the state of observation. This error often leads to the incorrect marking of the control method. For example, not included control does not have much impact on the production process of the study, but can not affect the process of ritual procedures and sacred actions. Sometimes it is necessary to use several methods of control on one cultural ceremony.
2.Influence on research decision-making or specific "researcher requirements". The peculiarity of this is that the controller is very professional in perceiving his hypothesis of the reliability of the Cake and what is happening around the phenomenon.
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3.The result of long-term control is reduced fatigue, and it, in turn, reduces the acuity of perception and adaptation to the same situation.
The second group of errors can be called "errors of perception". They are determined by the personality of the researcher. These include subjective individual and subjective professional mistakes.
1.General provisions a Generalized perception or evaluation, without exception, white. Most often such errors are closely related to professional knowledge of controlled actions. This is a kind of "harm of excess knowledge". Most often, this news is perceived as a familiar subject and causes the opinion that this is not excessive attention to the researcher.
2.The "exotic effect" is the result of control, which is very impressive. Time and tremendous effort to document and accept known data. This perception is particularly common in cases where novice researchers and less prepared.
3.Averaging errors occur, especially when the researcher does not take into account the latest options taken as randomness, and evaluates the phenomena in General.
4.Contrast control. This occurs when comparing with ease another perception. This can be called errors of the first perception, as well as beliefs (emotional, ethnic, social, psychological, professional, etc.).b.) can be added.
Working with data sources. This direction of a collection of field materials depends on the type of specific source considered by the researcher. Depending on the composition of the information sources can be transmitted as follows: archival materials, records of cases and population, other sources these errors include the following.
In completing the review of methods related to direct control methods, it should be noted once again that each of its components is responsible for a specific task. Complex application of the method helps in a complete set of information characterizing this phenomenon comprehensively.
Questions to test students' knowledge:
1.General provisions the Main types of direct control method?
2.Working with an information provider?
3.Methods of drawing on paper?
4.Working with documentary data?
5.The problem of the Ethnographic collection?
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4.4 Field Ethnography with representatives of their nationalities guidelines for the study
The link between ethnic groups and their results. As in the human day, people cannot live without communicating with each other, and ethnic groups interact with each other. There are good and bad sides to this relationship. Relations between ethnic groups cover all spheres of life. This-cultural, psychological, economic, family life. This is influenced by several factors:
Historical factor. In the history of ethnic groups there is a connection in different situations, in certain periods. Voluntary, violent, contact with help. In memory of the people, the memory of the war, the conquest of historical events is long preserved. This can lead to different perceptions of events.
Social factor. Political, cultural and economic relations are formed under the equality of the social status of the connecting ethnic group. But in practice, such types of communication are difficult to meet. Points of view are different, often there are unequal connections. Discretion is common. This leads to ethnic conflict.
Political factor. Depending on the political structure, the state ethnic policy is formed for ethnic groups with a predominance of numbers, small ethnic groups.
Situational factor. Under the influence of the results of the social, political and economic situation of the life of ethnic groups there is a situational factor. Real burning can cause conflict between ethnic groups. Variants of relations between ethnic groups:
The result of the relationship between ethnic groups that have achieved success in the development of one cultural activity. For example: as a result of the great geographical discoveries of the Europeans took cultural plants, economic achievements.
Difficulty (complication) or complication. Changing the culture of the second ethnic group under the influence of the developed culture that arose earlier. For example: the influence of Chinese culture on Japanese culture.
Reduction. Due to the developed culture of another ethnic group, they lose their cultural skills. For example: the disappearance of the value of traditional crafts.
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Erosion or impoverishment. In addition to the impact of the second culture is gradually disappearing culture of the ethnic group. For example: the loss of the value of their culture due to changes in the living conditions of small peoples.
Thus, ethnocultural effects depend on the high culture of the ethnic group. Cultural relations between ethnic groups are divided into three types. Assimilation, adaptation and integration.
Assimilation-the process of ethnic relations of ethnic groups, the origin of which comes from each other, and even distinguishable. As a result of assimilation, representatives of one ethnic group learn the language and culture of another and completely lose their former ethnic features.
These ethnic groups, sub-ethnicities or small ethnic groups, entering the environment of another ethnic group, are the loss of private ethnic identity. In the UK, these include the autochthonous Brittany in France and Italian migrants. There are natural (voluntary) and violent forms of assimilation. This is especially true in cities. Some researchers believe that assimilation is an integral part of consoledation.
Consolidation (strengthening) – the process of joining relatively independent Nations and their large groups to a single holistic ethnic communication, usually related to language and culture.
Adaptation-adaptation of people to live in a new ethnic environment, or in the economic and social spheres of this environment.
Integration – the process of establishing ethnic cultural ties with the preservation of the main ethnic characteristics of different ethnic groups.
The problem of the minority of local peoples and ethnic groups.
According to the article of the international lab our organization Convention 1989 people in an independent country, it is a geographical area or population that was engaged in the traditional economy of the person who lived in the country. Be sure to take place. There is no lifeless local population. Material and spiritual signs must have a connection with the earth. The local population is also referred to as aboriginal. The people who lived on the Earth before arrival. the term aboriginal calls the local people of Africa, America, Australia.
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In Modern times, these territories are opened by Europeans, say the indigenous people.
Autochthon-refers to local small Nations that use the traditional way of life. According to the first settlers of a certain territory. Currently, this term is used not in Ethnology, but biology.
The distribution of the population, both local and local, always causes conflict. In particular, he noted that this is not a local, but an immigrant. For example, beetle, porch...
It is difficult to find criticism for the local population, not the local population and their chronologies.
A Small number of ethnic groups. There are no state structures, weak demographic potential, small population. The ethnic group with a population of under 50 thousand people. Now in the world there are about 800 ethnic groups with fewer. In Russia 60. These small peoples live in one place compactly or absent-mindedly nomadic, semi-nomadic. With the help of the following signs, we refer to the number of small peoples.
–There is little in the state, no power, no Diaspora, no independent state scattered in different countries. For example Roma, Kurd. Population fewer visitors, which was subjected to colonization by the local population. For example, Evenks, Chukchi, Sakha. A group of persons who are in a permanent location as a result of mass migration.
Types of relations between ethnic groups. The types of relations between ethnic groups genocide, apartheid, segregation, discrimination.
Genocide-complete or partial destruction of the dominant ethnic community for a specific purpose of the religious, scattered ethnic group. The following form is genocide:
–physical destruction of members of ethnic minority groups, mass repression;
–creation of conditions for the deliberate involvement in an ethnic group;
–ban on the birth of a child in an ethnic group;
–forcible transfer of children from one ethnic group to another ethnic group.
Apartheid is a form of domination of one scattered group with the aim of systematic liquidation of the second group. His signs of:
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–lack of the right to personal freedom of the exploiting dispersed group;
–creation of deliberate living conditions for the elimination of racial groups;
–restriction of the fundamental rights and freedoms of the development of a racial group and its members;
–prohibition to marry into different racial groups legally in reservation based on race;
–involving members of a racial group in menial work. Segregation-ethnic and cultural isolation of certain groups of the
population through violence based on race or ethnicity. this policy is carried out in an Autonomous country. For example Russia, England, China.
Discriminations cultural sign, the nature of the scattered species, limiting groups of people depending on ethnic origin, religion. The dominant ethnic group improves its position.
On the theories of relations between ethnic groups. The concept of acculturation in 1930, became American cultural anthropology, R. Redfield, R. Linton, M. Herskovits released.
Acculturation is the process of cultures touching each other. In foreign Ethnography, acculturation is more often used as a synonym for Europeanization, as in the peoples of Asia, Africa, elements of European culture are observed in economic forms, social trends of distribution.
Questions to test students' knowledge:
1.General what does the term ethnic conflict mean?
2.What are the types of relations between ethnic groups?
3.What is the political meaning of the word Aboriginal?
4.What is Acculturation?
5.Difine the historical factor, social factor, political factor, assimilation, consolidation, adaptation, integration, aboriginal, genocide, apartheid, segregation, discrimination?
4.5 Methodological basis for ethnographic research
The main method of field Ethnography is determined for research. Ethnography should become a universal source in science
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that meets the requirements of historical and ethnographic characteristics, cross-cultural research, and systematic study of culture. All this requires the unification of methods of collecting field information.
Economic life. The economic life of ethnic communities determines the traditional culture, which is the content of the whole component. At the ethnographic level, it is necessary to pay attention to the complex features of the relationship between economy and culture, which historically are formed among peoples with different levels of socio-economic development, clearly expressed in the concept of this economic and cultural type.
Overall, the economic-cultural type determines the ethnographic settings lifestyle. That is why, as a permanent study, the development of the economy in the plan is a mandatory aspect in the field of Ethnography.
When studying economic life it is necessary to systematize its developers (complexity of its components). Because no nation that uses only one economic form can help.
The main source of information on economic life is the direct economic activity of ethnic communities. In its development, you can use the method of direct control. A convenient source for determining the structure of the economy and the history of its formation is the people's diary.
Although economic activity has complex properties, its forms give an individual image. Therefore, economic activity should be considered in a separate direction.
Agriculture. In the economic and cultural classification are two main types-manual labor and distillation (arable). Land. Land use (agricultural land, forest land, etc.).
Crop. Grain, garden, etc.
Farming system. Breathing, casting, terraces, etc. b. Crop and inter-religious profession. Agricultural equipment. Tools for land cultivation. Tools for harvesting. Knife, fork, weave, its types. Rakes, forks, facilities for drying crop.
Means of crop processing. Culture of processing of grain crops. In support, through special wooden tools.
Grain storage. Type of processed grain. Types and technology of storage.
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