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1 )Ku2a.Jtutta 0. Pe<PopMhI 11 Type11K11e Kyp,llbl. 2013. URL: http://ru.journal-neo. org/2013/10/21/reformy-i-turetskie-kurdyI.

2 TaM JKe.

3 TaM JKe.

51

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1Boiitta, KOTopyio Hl1KTO He 3aMenur. URL: https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2017/03/22_ a_10587923.shtml.#page6.

2Avoid raising difficulties for minority members, Turkish PM decrees URL: http://www. hurriyetdailynews.com/.

52

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1 ;z;ocottc ,a. Typ11IU1: CO'ITeT JIH EC nposo,1111Mb1e AlIKapoH: pe¢opMbI ,11ocTarnqHo nrnpoKl1Mi1? URL: http://russian.eurasianet.org/node/60344.

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3Typ111110 He HHTepecyeT sorrpoc BCryIIJieHIUI B EC. URL: http://www.trend.az/world/ turkey/2356772.html.

53

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1 IOHKep: Bo3BpaT cMepTHOH Ka3HH B Typl\HH rroJIOlKHT KOHel\ ee HHTerpal\HH B EC. URL: https://regnum.ru/news/polit/2251582.html.

2 3p,11oraH Ha3BaJI BJiaCTH Hw,11epJiaH,110B ¢anmCTaMw 3a OTKa3 maBe MI1,l\ / / 66c.KOM.

2017. 11 Maprn. URL: http://www.bbc.com/russian/news-39242924.

54

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Ilp11 3TOM HHTepeCHO, qTQ HeCMOTpH Ha TO, qTO OCHOBaTeJib pecny6Jil1KaHCKOH Typu;1111 B IIOJil1Tl1Ke ,n;eJiaJI aKu;eHT 11MeHHO Ha CBeTCKOCTb, nepBbIMl1 3apo:>K,n;aBIIIl1Ml1CH ,ll;B11:>KeHl1JIMl1 11 opraH113aIJ;l1HMl1, 6oJibllll1HCTBO

1 CHP tarihi // Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi. URL: http://orgutyonetimleri.chp.org.tr/ Haberler/0/chp_tarihi-54.aspx.

56

KOTOpbIX 3aTeM 11epepoCJIO B 110JIHOQeHHbIX aKTOpOB rypeQKOH 110JIHTHKH, 11pH06peTR CTaryc 110JIHTw-1ecKHX 11apTHtt, 6bIJIH HCJiaMHCTCKHMH. EoJiee Toro, MHOrHe H3 JIH.,D;epoB ,11;ettCTB)'lOIQHXcerO,ll;H51 11apTHH, B TOM '-IHCJie11pe- 3H.,D;eHT TypQHH H 110 coBMeCTHTeJihCTBY 11pe,11;ce,11;aTeJih 11paBRIQeH: TiapTHH c11paBe,ll;JIHBOCTH H pa3BHTH51, Hat.IHHaJIH CBOIO ,ll;e51TeJibHOCTb c HCJiaMHCTCKHX opraHH3aQHH H CTpYKTJ'P,KOTOpbie Ha 11pOT5l)l(eHHH ,ll;OJiroro BpeMeHH He 110JiyqaJIH 110,l\,ll;ep)l(KJi H o,11;06peHH5l 11paBHTeJibCTBa H Bl10CJie,ll;CTBJ1H 6hIJili 3aKpbITbl H 11peo6pa30BaHhl B HhIHe ,11;ettCTB)'lOIQJie11apTHH, MHOrHe H3 KOTOphIX ,11;a)l(e CYMeJIH 3aKpe11HThC5I B 11apJiaMeHTe.

napntHHaR cHcTeMa TypqMM nocne npasneHHR HPn

KaK ~e oTMet.IeHo, c o6pa3oBaHHeM HPTI B TypQHH 6hIJia co3,11;aHa o,11;Ho11apTHHHOCTh. TeM He MeHee CHryaQH51 cyIQeCTBeHHbIM o6pa30M H3MeHHJiaCb 110 HToraM BTopoH: MttpoBoH: BOHHhI.

TypQHH, KOTOpaH CTaHOBHJiaCb Bee 6JIH)l(e K 3a11a,11;y BO BHerrrneH: 110JIHTHKe, )l(eJiaJia aHaJiorHt.IHhIX 11epeMeH H B noJIHTHKe BHYTpeHHeH:. TipHHQHilhI, npoBo3rnarneHHhie M. K. ATaTIOpKoM, ~aJIHCh B pecpopMttpoBaHHH, a rypeQKOe o6IQeCTBO - B HOBbIX H.,D;eOJIOrHHX, 6oJiee COilOCTaBHMbIX c IlOJIJiTJi'-leCKHMHpeaJIHHMJi Toro BpeMeHttl.

B pe3yJihTaTe Bh16opoB 1946 r. npaBHIQeH: B TO BpeMR HPTI, KOTopaH IlOCJie CMepTH ee OCHOBaTeJIH B03rJiaBJIHJiaCb l1. l1HeHIO, y,ll;aJIOCb coxpaHHTb 60JibIIIJiHCTBO, O,ll;HaKO ee Il0311QHJ1 B 3Hat.IttTeJibHOH CTeneHH nornaTHYJIHCb: He3a,ll;OJirO ,11;0 3Toro 6hIJia o6pa30BaHa ,ll;eMOKpaTH'-leCKaHnapTH51, KOTOpaH, O,ll;HaKo, TOr,11;a He npe,ll;CTaBJIHJia CYIQeCTBeHHOH yrpo3bl ,ll;M BJiaCTH, cocpe- ,ll;OTO'-leHHOHB pyKax HPTI.

0,11;HonapTttHHaH-CHCTeMa coxpaHHJiaCh JIHIIIb ,11;0 1950 r., Kor,11;a B COOTBeTCTBHH c HOBblM 3aKOHOM 0 BbI6opax2 B TypeQKOH Pecny6JIHKe COCTOHJIHCb napJiaMeHTCKHe Bb16oph1 H Hapo,11;Ho-pecny6JI11KaHcKaH napTH51 BnepBhie CTOJIKHyJiaCh c cepbe3HbIM KOHKypeHTOM B JIHQe ,ll;eMOKpaTttt.IeCKOH napTHH, KOTopoH: y,11;aJIOCb IlOJiyqliTb 6oJihIIIHHCTBO MeCT B napJiaMeHTe3.

l1HTepecHo, '-ITO~e Tor,11;a B pHTOpHKe TYPeQKttx noJIHTHt.IeCKHX ,11;eHTeJieH: H aKTOpOB HMeJI MeCTO HCJiaMCKHH cpaKTop: B npe,11;,11;BepHH BbI6opoB Me)l(,ll;y npe,11;cTaBHTeJIHMH ,ll;eMoKpaTHt.IecKoH: napTHH tt HPTI B03HttKaJitt cnopbl Ha peJittrH03HOH IlOt.IBe, a BO BHYTpeHHeH: IlOJIHTHKe TeM BpeMeHeM nOHBttJIHCh nepBbie ttcJiaMCKtte o6pa3oBaHttH4. l1MeHHO Tor,11;a B TypeQKOH Pecny6JittKe 6bIJI ocYIQeCTBJieH nepexo,11; K MHoronapTttttHOCTtt. ,ll;eMoKpaTttt.IeCKaH napTHH OCTaBaJiaCb y BJiaCTH npaKTttt.IeCKH 10 JieT, BilJIOTb ,11;0 1960 r.

1 Kupeea H. I'. 11crnpIDI Typ111111. XX BeK. M. : 11B PAH ; Kpacjn+, 2007. C. 282.

2 Siinmez Naim. Se<;im sisteminin demokratikle§tirilmesinin bir a~amas1: 1950 milletvekili se<;im kanunu. URL: http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/68561.

3 Oco6ettttocT11 rrapT11i1ttoi1 c11cTeMbI I I CToJI11T11"'!ecK11i1 arnac coapeMeHHOCTl1. URL: http://www.hyno.ru/tom2/l 705.html.

4 Kupeea H. r. YKa3. co'!. C. 284.

57

HaqaBIUaJICJI B 1960 r. 3IIOXa rocy,D;apcTBeHHbIX H BOeHHbIX nepeBOpOTOB B 3HaqHTeJibHOH cTeneHH H3MeHHJia pacCTaHOBKY cHJI Ha BHYTPHnoJIHTHqecKo:H apeHe Typeu;Ko:H Pecny6JIHKH. B pe3yJihTaTe nepBoro BOeHHoro nepeBopoTa 1960 r. ,ll;eMOKpaTHqecKaH napTHH npeKpaTHJia cBoe cyiu;eCTBOBaHHe, O,D;HaKO BCKOpe 6hIJia npeo6pa30BaHa 6bIBIIIHMH ,D;eMOKpaTaMH B flapTHIO cnpaBe,D;JIHBOCTH, KOTOpaH B 1961 r. 3aHJIJia BJiaCTHbie n03Hll;HH.

B 70-x rr. XX B. B Typu;1111 HaqaJI11 noJ1BJIJ1ThCJ1 6oJiee cephe3Hhie HCJiaMCKHe napTHH. 0,D;HOH H3 nepBbIX CTaJia napTHJI Hau;HOHaJihHOro nOpJl,ll;Ka, B03HHKIIIaJI B pe3yJibTaTe ,D;eJITeJihHOCTH aKTHBHCTOB MHJIJIH repIOIII - HCJiaMHCTCKoro ,D;BmKeHHH no,D; npe,D;BO,ll;HTeJihCTBOM H. 3p6aKaHa, KOTopoe CHaqaJia noJiyqHJio noMeP)KKY TYPOK-MycyJihMaH B EBpone, a 3aTeM CTpeMHJIOCh 3aKpenHThCH BO BHYTPeHHe:H noJIHTHKe Typu;11111.

HapJl,ll;y c o6pa3oBaHHeM no,D;o6HhIX HCJiaMCKHx aKTopoB H HecTa6HJihHOH BHYTpHnoJI11T11qecKo:H c11zyau;11e:H CJIO)KHOCTH nepe)KHBaJia H paccMaTpHBaeMaH c Tex nap B KaqecTBe onno311u;ttoHHOH HPn, BHYTPH KOTopo:H B03HHKJIH nepBbie H,D;eOJIOr11qecKHe pa3HOrJiaCHJI, a B 1980 r. B pe3yJihTaTe oqepe,D;Horo nepeBopoTa B Typu;HH 6bIJIH 3anpeiu;ettb1 Bee napTHH, B TOM q11CJie H Hapo,D;Ho-pecny6JIHKaHcKaH2.

npeAnOCblnKH C03AaHHH napTHH cnpaBeAnHBOCTH H pa3BHTHH

IloCJie «BOCCTaHOBJieHHJI» rocy,D;apCTBa OT nepeBopoTa 1980 r. B Typu;HH B03HHKJIO ,ll;OCTaToqHo MHOro HOBbIX CHJI, cpe,D;H KOTOpbIX 6bIJIH o6HOBJieHHaJI ,lJ;eMOKpaTHqecKaH napTHJI, flapTHJI BepHoro nYTH, flapTHJI OTeqeCTBa H ,D;pyrHe. 0,D;HaKo oco6eHHO Ba)KHbIM co6bITHeM B HCTOpHH COBpeMeHHOH Typu;HH CTaJIO C03,D;aHHe IIIHpOKO H3BeCTHOH cerO,D;HJI napTHH cnpaBe,D;JIH-

BOCTH H pa3BHTHJI.

npe)K,ll;e qeM nepeXO,ll;HTb K aHaJIH3Y H oco6eHHOCTJIM ,D;eJITeJibHOCTH napTHH, He06XO,ll;HMO nOJICHHTh, qTQ flCP, HapH,D;Y C MHOrHMH ,D;pyrHMH cyfrheKTaMH Typeu;KOH noJIHTHKH, He B03HHKJia H3 HHOTKy,D;a. 06pa30BaHHIO O,ll;HOH 113 caMhIX Ba)KHhIX napTHH coBpeMetttto:H Typeu;Ko:H Pecny6JIHKH npe,D;IIIeCTBOBaJI PM co6hITHH, KOTOph1e, HecoMHeHHO, noBJIHJIJIH Ha MHpo-

B033peHHe H B3rJIJl,ll;hl JIH,D;epa H OCHOBaTeJIJI flCP - P. T. 3p,D;oraHa.

YnOMHHYTaH HCJiaMCKaJI napTHJI Hau;110HaJihHOro nopH,D;Ka npocyiu;e- CTBOBaJia COBCeM He,D;OJirO H eiu;e ,ll;O nocJie,D;oBaBIIIHX 3a 3THM nepeBOpOTOB 6h1Jia 3aKpbITa no peIIIeHHIO KoHCTHTyu;HoHHoro cy,D;a Typu;1111, KOTopbIH nocTaHOBHJI: B3rJIJl,ll;bl, npO,ll;BHraeMhie ,D;aHHOH napTHeH, He COOTBeTCTByIOT ,D;eHCTByIOiu;eH KOHCTHTYLJ;HH3.

1 KupeeB H. r. HoBaJI r;raBa B 11cTop1m: Typ111111: «MlirKl1tt 11cJiaM y BJiaCTl1» I I l1CJiaM Ha COBpeMeHHOM BocTOKe I OTB. pep;. B. H. oeJIOKpeHl111Kl1tt, A. 3. Erop11H. M. : l1B PAH ; Kpa¢T+, 2004. C. 41.

2 BaCUJlbeBa c. napT11llHaJI rrpeeMCTB€HHOCTh B Typ111111 I I Espa311llCKl1ll lKypHaJI per110HaJihHhIX 11rroJIHTW1ecK11x11cCJiep;osatt11i1. 2009. NQ 40. C. 74.

3 KupeeB H. f. HoBaJI r;rasa ... C. 42.

58

0,D;HaKo, ,D;IDKe HeCMOTpH Ha cTapamra M. K. ATanopKa rrpHBHTb rypeu;- KOMy o6:ru;ecTBY rrpHHI.J;HIIbl JiaHI.J;H3Ma, peJIHrH03HblH <l>aKTOp Bcer,D;a HMeJI BIDKHOe 3Ha'!eHHe,D;JI5I rypeu;Koro rocy,D;apCTBa, II03TOMY 3aKpbITHe HCJiaMCKOH rrapTHH He 03Ha'!aJIO,'ITOrrpo11cJiaMCKHM CTPYKTYPaM Hascer,D;a 6hIJI 3aKpbIT IIYTh B IIOJIHTH'!ecKYJOcpe,D;y Typeu;Ko:H Pecrry6JIHKH. HarrpoTHB, ,D;aHHOe co6bITHe JIHIIIHHH pa3 IIO,D;TOJIKHYJIO HCJiaMHCTOB K H,D;ee 0 Heo6xo- ,D;HMOCTH rrpO,D;BmKeHH5I B CTpaHe IIOJIHTH'leCKoroHCJiaMa.

<I>aKTH'leCKHHCJiaMCKHe rrapTHH Ha'!aJIHCMeH5ITb ,D;pyr ,D;pyra IIO,D; pa3HbIMH Ha3BaHH5IMH, rrpH 3TOM rrpeCJie,D;y5I O,D;HH H Te )Ke H,D;eH. BcKope IIOCJie 3aKpbITH5I TiapTHH Hau;110HaJibHOro IIOp5I,D;Ka B 1971 r. 6bIJia o6pa30BaHa TiapTHH Hau;110HaJibHoro crraceHH5I, B03rJiaBAAeMaH see TeM )Ke H. 3p6aKaHOM, KOTOpbIH B 1980 r. 6bIJI oc~eH Ha 8 Mec. 1 A caMa rrapTH5I IIOBTOpHJia cy,D;h6y CBOe:H rrpe,D;IIIeCTBeHHHI.J;bl.

0,D;HaKO Ha 3TOM 3p6aKaH He OCTaHOBHJIC5I - ~e B 1983 r. Ha BHYTpHIIOJIHTH'leCK)'IOapeHy Typu;1111 BbIIIIJia TiapTH5I 6JiarorroJiyqHH (Pe<l>ax), KOTOpa5I TaK)l{e 6bIJia HCJiaMHCTCKOH, HO rrpH 3TOM CMOrJia ,D;06MTbC5I HeKOTOpbIX ycrrexoB, CTaB B pe3yJibTaTe o6:ru;Mx BbI6opoB 1995 r. caMOH KpyrrHOH rrapTMe:H B BHCT M cqiopMMpoBaB KOaJIMI.J;MOHHoe rrpaBMTeJihCTBO c TiapTMeH MCTMHHoro IIYTM2.

TeM He MeHee TPMYM<l> TiapTMM 6JiarorroJiyqMH rrpo,D;OJI)l(aJicH He,D;oJiro: rrpM3bIBbI K IIIapMary, 3Byqa:ru;Me OT rrpe,D;cTaBMTeJie:H Pe<l>ax, MCJiaMMCTCKMe MMTMHrM M ,D;pyrMe IIO,D;06Hble MeporrpM5ITM5I BCKOpe rrpMBJieKJIM BHMMa-

HMe BOeHHbIX, IIO,D; BJIM5IHMeM KOTOpbIX B 1998 r. KoHCTMTYI.J;MOHHbIH cy,D; He TOJibKO 3arrpeTHJI ,D;e5ITeJibHOCTb rrapTMM, HO M He OCTaBHJI He3aMe'leHHbIMM H. 3p6aKaHa (KOTOpbIH, K CJIOBy, B TOT rrepMO,D; 3aHMMaJI IIOCT rrpe- Mbep-MMHMCTpa) M 6JIM3KMX eMy aKTMBMCTOB, rrpMH5IB peIIIeHMe 0 JIMIIIeHMM

MX rrpaB Ha IIOJIMTM'leCK)'IO,D;e5ITeJibHOCTb3.

Ka3aJIOCb, 'ITOIIO,D;06Hhle Mepbl ,D;OJI)l(Hbl 6bIJIM IIOJIO)l{MTb KOHeu; HaCTOH- 'IMBOCTMIIOJIMTM'leCKMXMCJiaMMCTOB Typu;MM, O,D;HaKO OHM, BH,D;MMO, rrpe,D;- Bl1,D;5I cy,D;h6y Pe<l>ax, peIIIHJIM rro,D;cTpaxosaTb ce65I co3,D;aHMeM B 1997 r. TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH TiapTMM ,D;o6po,D;eTeJIM (<l>a3HJIMeT), KOTOpa5I B KOHu;e 90-x rr.

XX B. 3aMeHHJia co6o:H TiapTMIO 6JiarorroJiyqMH.

Tipo6JieMa IIO'ITMBcex rrepe'IMCJieHHbIXrrapTMH 3aKJIIO'laJiaCbB TOM, 'ITOOHM He MeH5IJIM HM TaKTMKM CBOMX ,D;eHCTBMH, HM Ka,D;pOBoro COCTaBa, no KaKOH-TO rrpM'IMHeC'IMTaH,'ITOM3MeHeHMe Ha3BaHM5I rrapTMM IIpM coxpa-

HeHMM rrpe)l{HMX rrpOMCJiaMMCTCKMX JI03yttfOB M CTapo:H KOMaH,D;bl JIH,D;epoB 3arrpe:ru;eHHbIX opraHM3aI.J;MH He Bbl30BeT IIO,D;03peHMH.

TipM'IeMoco6eHHO MHTepeCHO, 'ITOTaKoro po,D;a IIJiaH ,D;eHCTBMH He cpa6oTaJI M3Ha'laJibHO,Be,D;b rrpaKTM'leCKHHM O,D;HOH rrapTMM, 3a MCKJIIO'leHMeM TiapTMM Hau;MoHaJibHoro crraceHH5I, He y,D;anocb rrpo,D;ep)l{aThCH Ha rroJIMTM-

1 Kupeea H. r. l1crnpID1 ... C. 341.

2 ,ll;eJio «Pe<Pax rrapnirn (ITapnrn 6Jiaro,'jeHcTBIDI) (Refah Partisi (Welfare Party)) H "1PYrne rrpoTHB Typl\HH». URL: http://docs.pravo.ru/document/view/19382329/.

3 Kupeea H. r. HoBM rnaBa ... C. 43.

59

qecKoi1 apeHe 60JibI1Ie qeTbipex JieT, o.n;HaKo ,ll;(l)Ke TaKHe <l>aKTbI He JaCTaBHJIH .n;eHTeJieH 3THX ITapTHH H3MeHHTb CBOIO CTpaTerHIO.

B 3TOM ITJiaHe HOB006pa30BaHHaH <I>a3HJIHeT OTJIHqHJiaCb TeM, qTo Bbl,ll;BHHyJia B KaqecTBe JIH.n;epa P. KypTaHa (ITpH 3TOM He HCKJIIOqeHo, qTo TOJibKO ITO ITpHqHHe ITpaBOBOH HeB03MO:JKHOCTH Bbl,ll;BHttyTb H. 3p6aKaHa)' O,ll;HaKO ITpOB03rJiaIIIeHHe ITOCJie.n;Hero .n;yxoBHblM JIH,ll;epOM paccTaBHJIO Bee ITO CBOHM MeCTaM.

B 3TOM KOHTeKcTe, HeMHoro OTOH,ll;H OT xapaKTepHCTHKH <I>a3HJIHeT, HeJib3H He YITOMHHYTb 0 JIHqHOCTH P. T. 3p.n;oraHa, KOTOpbIH B Te rO,ll;bl HBJIHJICH He TOJibKO ee aKTHBHCTOM, HO H yqaCTHHKOM IlapTHH 6JiarOITOJiyqHH, a TaK:JKe <t>aKTHqecKH 6JIH:JKaHIIIHM yqeHHKOM H IIOCJie,ll;OBaTeJieM

H.3p6aKaHa.

HaqaJibHbIH 3Tarr ITOJIHTHqecKOH Kapbepbl 3p.n;oraHa HaqaJICH B 1976 r.,

IIOCJie TOrO, KaK OH 6bIJI H36paH ITpe.n;ce.n;aTeJieM MOJIO,ll;e:JKHOrO KpbIJia IlapTHH Hau;HOHaJibHOro crraceHHH - TOH caMOH, qTo CTOHJia y HCTOKOB ITOJIHTHqecKoro HCJiaMa B 1970-x rr.

CJie.n;yIDID;HMH 3TaITaMH ITOJIHT11qecKoi1: aKTHBHOCTH 3p.n;oraHa cTaJio ITOITOJIHeHHe pH,ll;OB IlapTHH 6JiarOITOJiyqHH, OT KOTOpOH OH Bbl,ll;BHraJICH Ha ITOCT M3pa CTaM6yJia, a 3aTeM H BCTYITJieHHe B IlapTHIO ,ll;06po.n;e- TeJIH1. B 1998 r. 6y.n;yID;HH ITpe3H.n;eHT Typeu;Koii Pecrry6JIHKH 6hIJI OCY:JK,ll;eH H ITpHrOBOpeH K 10 Mee. TIOpeMHOro 3aKJIIQqeHHH 3a HapYIIIeHHe yroJIOBHoro KO,ll;eKca CBOHMH ITpH3bIBaMH K «Bpa:JK.n;e6HOCTH>>, rrpoH3HeCeHHbIMH B O,ll;HOH H3 ero peqeif B 1997 r. 2

B 2001,.r. HCTOpHH <l>a3HJIHeT, He ycITeB HaqaTbCH, 6bICTpo 3aKOHqHJiaCb ITO ITPHBhiqHoMy .n;m1 IICJiaMCKIIX ITapnrH. cu;eHapIIIO: KoHCTIITYD;IIOHHbIH cy.n; Bbrnec peIIIeHIIe o ITpH3HaHHH ee He.n;eiicTBIITeJibHOH. B pe3yJihTaTe cpe.n;H .n;eHTeJiei1 ITapnrn rrpoH30IIIeJI_ pacKoJI Ha ITpHBep:JKeHu;eB Tpa.n;11u;11ottaJIH3Ma, KOTOpbie o6pa30BaJIH IlapTHIO cqaCTbH (Caa.n;eT), H Ha ITOCJie- ,ll;OBaTeJieH P. T. 3p.n;oraHa, B pe3yJibTaTe .n;eHTeJibHOCTH KOTOpbIX B 2001 r. 6bIJia o6pa30BaHa IlapTHH CITpaBe,ll;JIHBOCTH H pa3BHTHH3.

B HaqaJie XXI cToJieTHH Typu;HH ITo-rrpe:JKHeMy ITepe:JKHBaJia TH:JKeJiyIO BHYTpHrocy.n;apcTBeHHYIO o6cTaHOBKy, ITp11qeM KaK B rroJIHTHqecKOM, TaK 11 B 3KOHoM11qecKoM ITJiaHe. PM ITepeBopoToB, qacToe H3MeHeHHe rrapTHHHoro COCTaBa ITapJiaMeHTa, JIHKBH,ll;au;HH ITOJIHTHqecKHX napTHH, a TaK:JKe IIOCTOHHHaH CMeHa HX PYKOBO,ll;HTeJieH He MOrJIH ITpHBeCTH K pa3peI1IeHHIO HaCyID;HbIX ITp06JieM, a HeCTa6HJibHOCTb B CTpaHe, Hao6opoT, TOJibKO ycHJIHBaJiaCb.

Typeu;KaH Pecrry6JIHKa Hy:JK.n;aJiacb B rrapTHH c qeTKHMH H o6neKTHBHhIMH u;eJIHMH, KOTOpbie COOTBeTCTBOBaJIH 6bI I10Tpe6HOCTHM 06ID;eCTBa, a TaK:JKe c CHJibHbIM JIH,ll;epoM, CITOC06HbIM peaJIH30BaTb ITOCTaBJieHHbie I..l;eJIH Ha ITpaKTHKe. B TaKOH o6cTaHOBKe IIOHBJieHHe B ITOJIHTHqecKOM ITpo-

1Pe,11JKerr 3p,11oraH. I1om1T11'1eCKl1H ,11eHTeJih, rrpe3H,lleHT 1'.YP111111. URL: https://svpressa. ru/persons/redzhep-erdogan/.

2Kupees H. r. HosaH rnasa ... C. 43.

3TaM JKe. C. 43.

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