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2Koppyn~HOHHbIH cKaH,n;aJI B Typ~uu: ysoJillJIHCb 3 MHHHCTpa. URL: http://www.bbc. com/russian/intemational/2013/12/13122S_turkey_ministers_resignations

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1 I1cJiaM H 3p,11;oratt: KaK B Typl\1111 HaBJI3bIBaIOT KOHcepBaTl1BHh!e 1\eHHOCTl1. URL: http://www.forbes.ru/mneniya/mir/331267-islam-i-erdogan-kak-v-turtsii-navyazyvayut- konservativnye-tsennosti.

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3 Recep Tayyip Erdogan: Turkey's pugnacious president - 17 April 2017 URL: http:// www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13746679.

4 fettrnTa6 Typl\1111 pa3pe11111JI lKeHIL\11HaM-BOeHHOCJiylKall\11M HOCl1Th x11,11;lKa6. URL: https://ria.ru/world/20170222/1488590747.html.

5 2560 personnel suspended from duty at Diyanet 9 August 2016. URL: http://www. yenisafak.com/en/news/2560-personnel-suspended-from-duty-at-diyanet-2508274.

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1President Erdogan could be using the coup against him to turn Turkey towards fullscale Islamisation. URL: http:I/www.independent.co. uk/news/world/europe/turkey-coup- president-erdogan-islam-akp-government-a7142836.html.

2Turkey's 'devout generation' project means lost jobs, schools for many 13 October 2016. URL: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/10/turkey-post-putsch-crackdown- transform-education.html. #ixzz4N2zqQxrS.

3Turkey's new curriculum: More Erdogan, more Islam. URL: http://www.politico.eu/ article/erdogan-turkey-education-news-coup-analysis-curriculum-history-istanbul/.

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5Erdogan announces Turkish parliament will consider bringing back the death penalty. URL: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-death-penalty-erdogan- reintroduce-debate-consider-turkish-parliament-a7386591.html.

6B EC rrpoKOMMeHTHposa.1n1 rrnaHhI Typl\HH sepHYTh cMepTHyro Ka3Hh. URL: http:// www.rbc.ru/politics/18/07/2016/578cb2899a7947e4ee65870S?from=main.

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1 Turkey coup: President Erdogan backs reintroduction of death penalty. URL: http:/I www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-death-penalty-erdogan-coup-president- backs-capital-punishment-a7178371.html.

2 How Islamic will Erdogan's presidential system be? URL: http://www.al-monitor.com/ pulse/originals/2016/12/turkey-islamic-erdogans-presidential-system-will-be.html.

115

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1President Erdogan could be using the coup against him to turn Turkey towards full-scale Islamisation 18 July 2016. URL: http://www.independent.eo.uk/news/world/europe/turkey- coup-president-erdogan-islam-akp-government-a7142836.html.

2Turkey's 'devout generation' project means lost jobs, schools for many 13 October 2016. URL: http://wwvv.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/10/turkey-post-putsch-crackdown- transform-education.html. #ixzz4ZF4z0a1C.

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1 Ea6aeBa C. Typeu;K11H Maprn K pbmoqttoH: 3KOHOM!1Ke 11 IfasecnUI. 1999. 10 liJOJIB. C. 4.

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1 R.T. Prime Ministry Undersecretariat of Treasury. General Directorate of economic research. Selected economic indicators. 1998.

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1 Fatih Ozatay, Giiven Sak. The 2000-2001 financial crisis in Turkey Central Bank of Turkey and Ankara University. August 2002 (revised). URL: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/242034963_THE_2000-2001_FINANCIAL_CRISIS_IN_TURKEY.

2 IMF agrees Turkish loans 6 December, 2000. URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/ business/1057382.stm.

3 A. Erinc; Yeldan. Behind the 2000/2001 Turkish crisis: Stability, Credibility, and Governance, for Whom? Bilkent University Department of Economics, p. 178. URL: http:// yeldane.bilkent.edu. tr/Chennai_yeldan2002. pdf.

119

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I Koen Brinke. The Turkish 2000-01 banking crisis. URL: https://economics.rabobank. com/publications/2013 / september/the-turkish-2000-01-banking-crisis/.

2 TaM lKe.

120