1. Are the following statements about the text true or false? Why?

1. To produce ferrous metals one must combine gold with carbon, silicon, phosphorus and other elements.

2. Carbon is the most important of all elements to be presented in ferrous alloys.

3. Ferrous metals are used in industry in three general forms.

4. The shop where metals are cast is called a “laundry”.

5. Very much carbon makes steel brittle, which increases its strength.

6. Cast iron contains a higher percentage of carbon than steel does.

7. Grey iron can be cast into almost any conceivable shape and size.

2. Answer the following questions.

1. What elements do ferrous metals consist of?

2. What is the most important element present in ferrous metals?

3. What are two general forms of ferrous metals?

4. What process is called casting?

5. What is the difference between cast iron and steel?

6. What are cast iron and steel derived from?

7. What reduces strength of steel?

8. What do we call the shop where metals are cast?

9. Why is steel widely used in machine-building?

10. What are the main types of iron casting?

11. Why is alloy grey iron easy to machine?

12. Where are malleable iron castings used?

3. Speak on the topic “Ferrous metals”.

4. Communicative situation:

Make a comparative analysis of ferrous metals using the information from the table completed earlier.

Unit 6 Topic: Steel Grammar: The Infinitive Constructions

Vocabulary

Learn the following words and word combinations:

wrought iron [rLt 'aiqn] – коване залізо; зварювальне залізо

tough [tAf] – міцний; щільний; жорсткий; цупкий; пружний

machine steel [mq'SJn stJl] – машинна сталь

carbon steel ['kRb(q)n stJl] – вуглецева сталь

grade [greid] – якість, ґатунок, сорт

alloy steel ['xlOi O stJl] – легована сталь

high-speed steel ["hai'spJd stJl] – швидкоріжуча сталь

nickel ['nikl] – нікель

molybdenum [mq'libdqnqm] – молібден

vanadium [vq'neidiqm] – ванадій

rust-resistant [rAst ri'zist(q)nt] – стійкий до корозії

stainless steel ['steinlqs stJl] – нержавіюча сталь

heat-resistant [hJt ri'zist(q)nt] – теплостійкий

moulding sand ['mquldiN sxnd] – формувальна суміш

refractory [ri'frxkt(q)ri] – тугоплавкий; вогнетривкий

open-grained ["qup(q)n'greind] – крупнозернистий

blowhole ['blquhqul] – пузир, раковина (в металі)

pattern ['pxt(q)n] – зразок, взірець; шаблон; модель

green sand mould [grJn sxnd mquld] – волога піщана форма

Reading

Read and translate the text.

Steel

There are three kinds of iron: wrought iron, cast iron, and steel. And all of them are in fact ferrous materials, combinations of iron and carbon. Although the amount of carbon is never very large in any of these it makes a good deal of difference in the kind of metal produced. For instance, wrought iron, which has the least carbon of all, is strong, tough and elastic, but not very hard. Cast iron, which has the most carbon, is very strong and may be extremely hard. Steel has less carbon than cast iron, and usually more than wrought iron.

There are two kinds of steel: carbon and alloy steel. The content of carbon in steel may vary from 0.1 to 1.0 per cent. Carbon steel should contain only iron and carbon without any other alloying elements and is divided into:

Machine steel with a low carbon content from 0.05 to 0.15 per cent.

Medium carbon steel with a carbon content from 0.15 to 0.60 per cent.

Tool steel with a high carbon content from 0.6 to 1.50 per cent.

Carbon steels are the most common steels used in industry, their properties depending only on the percentage of carbon they contain. Machine steels are very soft and can be used to make machine parts that do not need strength. Medium carbon steels are better grade and stronger than machine steels. Tool steel may be used to manufacture tools and working parts of machines because of its high strength and hardness.

Alloy steels are those in which in addition to carbon an alloying element is present in some appreciable quantity. They are divided into special alloy steels and high-speed steels which in turn are called “self-hardening steels”. Alloying elements of these steels are: nickel, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, etc. These alloying elements have a definite effect on the characteristics of the steel; nickel increases its strength and hardness; a high percentage of chromium makes steel rust-resistant and in this case it is called “stainless steel”. The addition of some tungsten and molybdenum gives heat-resistant steel.

Cast steel parts are used in railroad equipment, agricultural machinery and many other products where great strength is required. The tensile strength of steel castings is from 55,000 to 70,000 lbs. per square inch. Alloy steel castings are coming into more general use with each year, and they are influencing the manufacturing methods. It has been found possible to cast with this alloy some shapes that formerly were necessarily made in other ways. It is used in castings where the greatest strength is needed. Much research is being done to improve not only the strength, but also its wearing qualities. Castings are now produced that have a tensile strength from 70,000 to 150,000 lbs. per square inch, the strength depending upon the composition of the alloy and the method of heat treatment.

Language study

1. Find in the text the nouns derived from the following verbs:

to vibrate, to add, to treat, to compose, to cast, to combine.

2. Find the synonyms in the text:

to get, moulding, quickly, form, rust-resistant, simple, to apply, the number of, for example.

3. Give the antonyms to the following words:

soft, definite, to increase, similar, impossible, heating, low, small, light.

4. Use the following prefixes to make up antonyms to the words below:

un-, in-, dis-, il-, im-, ir-, ab-

able, kind, regular, honest, reliable, visible, secure, expensive, polite, normal, legal, interesting, dependent, mobile, loyal, logical, usual.

5. Fill in the blanks with to if necessary:

1. I heard my neighbour … talk to somebody in the morning.

2. Did you see her … cross the street?

3. Who made Boris … change his attitude to his work?

4. He felt his mother … touch his hand.

5. Why were they made … leave the hotel?

6. She was seen … unlock the door.

7. Was he ever heard … talk aloud?

8. I felt his hands … tremble.

6. Complete each sentence using what/how/whether + one of these verbs:

do, go, ride, say, use, get

Model: Do you know how to get to John’s house?

1. Can you show me … this washing machine?

2. Would you know … if there was a fire in the building?

3. You’ll never forget … a bicycle once you have learned.

4. I was really astonished. I didn’t know … .

5. I’ve been invited to the party but I don’t know … or not.