- •Передмова
- •Unit 1 Topic: Science in Ukraine Grammar: Groups of Tenses
- •Science in Ukraine
- •2. Give the synonyms and antonyms to the following words:
- •3. Put all the possible questions to the following sentences:
- •9. Read the sentences. Comment on the meaning of the words in italic. Translate into Ukrainian.
- •10. Translate into English.
- •1. Are the following statements about the text true or false? Why?
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Speak on the topic “Science in Ukraine”.
- •4. Communicative situations:
- •Unit 2 Topic: Engineering Grammar: The Category of Voice
- •Engineering
- •1. Comment on the meaning of the following words and group up them under the headings “Branch of industry”, “Occupation”, and “Industrial product”:
- •2. Make nouns from the following verbs:
- •8. Put the verbs in brackets in the necessary tense-form:
- •9. Convert the sentences into the Passive Voice (two variants for each sentence).
- •10. Translate into English.
- •1. Are the following statements about the text true or false? Why?
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Speak on the topic “Engineering”.
- •4. Communicative situations:
- •Unit 3 Topic: Trends in the Modern Machine-Building Industry Grammar: The Category of Aspect
- •Trends in the Modern Machine-Building Industry
- •6. Put the verbs in brackets in the necessary tense and aspect form.
- •7. Put the verbs in brackets in the necessary tense, voice, and aspect form.
- •8. Choose the appropriate formal markers to the following sentences:
- •10. Translate into English.
- •1. Are the following statements about the text true or false? Why?
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Speak on the topic “Trends in the Modern Machine-Building Industry”.
- •4. Communicative situations:
- •Unit 4 Topic: Engineering Materials Grammar: Perfect/Non-perfect
- •Engineering Materials
- •2. Make nouns from the verbs.
- •3. Replace the highlighted words and expressions with their equivalents from the text.
- •4. Using the model explain the expressions and translate them into Ukrainian. Remember the meaning of the suffixes.
- •5. Give the three forms of the verbs:
- •6. Read and translate the following sentences. Make them interrogative and negative.
- •7. Put the verbs in brackets in the necessary form.
- •8. Fill in the gap in the second sentence with passive form of the verb from the first sentence.
- •9. Choose the appropriate formal markers to the following sentences:
- •10. Put the verbs in brackets in the necessary form. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian in writing.
- •1. Are the following statements about the text true or false? Why?
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Speak on the topic “Engineering Materials”.
- •4. Communicative situations:
- •Unit 5 Topic: Ferrous Metals Grammar: The Infinitive. Forms and Functions
- •Ferrous Metals
- •5. Define the tense form of the predicate of each sentence and translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •6. Comment on the forms of the Infinitives.
- •7. Complete each sentence with one of these verbs: use, post, buy, get, be
- •8. Make a new sentence using the verb in brackets.
- •9. Combine two sentences into one using the Infinitive.
- •10. Translate into English.
- •1. Are the following statements about the text true or false? Why?
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Speak on the topic “Ferrous metals”.
- •4. Communicative situation:
- •Unit 6 Topic: Steel Grammar: The Infinitive Constructions
- •7. Make the sentences interrogative:
- •8. State the function of the Infinitive:
- •9. Define the form of the Infinitive. Comment on its syntactic function. Translate into Ukrainian.
- •10. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •1. Are the following statements about the text true or false? Why?
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Speak on the topic “Steel”.
- •4. Communicative situations:
- •Unit 7 Topic: Non-ferrous Metals Grammar: The Complex Object
- •1. Combine the following words to receive word-combinations:
- •2. Make nouns from the following verbs:
- •3. Group up synonyms:
- •4. Connect the pairs of sentences using the following conjunctions: however, therefore, because.
- •5. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the difference in the meaning of the Simple and the Complex Object:
- •10. Translate into English
- •1. Are the following statements about the text true or false? Why?
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Speak on the topic “Non-ferrous metals”.
- •4. Communicative situations:
- •Unit 8 Topic: Properties of Engineering Materials Grammar: The Complex Subject
- •Properties of Engineering Materials
- •7. Define the forms and functions of the Infinitives and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •8. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions to, within, from, into, on, in, of, by means of, per, without, by:
- •9. Put all possible questions to the sentences:
- •10. Translate the sentences into English
- •1. Are the following statements about the text true or false? Why?
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Speak on the topic “Properties of engineering materials”.
- •4. Communicative situations:
- •Speaking Lesson Topic: There’s a kid in every one of us
- •Children’s Party Games
- •Video Lesson friends season 1 (part 1)
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Quizz: Guess who?..
- •IV. Try to guess if the following statements are true or false:
- •II. Fill in the blanks with the names of the characters who said the following:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Arrange the following events in the chronological order:
- •The verb to wish
- •I. Remake the sentences using “I wish…” structure.
- •II. Fill in the blanks with the following words:
- •III. Substitute “thing”
- •Word games
- •In teaching English as a second language
- •Contents
Ferrous Metals
To produce ferrous metals one must combine iron with carbon, silicon, phosphorus and other elements. Carbon is the most important of all elements to be presented in ferrous alloys. Ferrous metals are used in industry in two general forms: steel and cast iron, which differ in the quantity of carbon content. These two ferrous alloys are derived from pig iron which is produced in a blast furnace in form of pigs. Metals are usually melted and poured into a form which is called a “mould”. This process is known as casting. The cast metal is shaped in the mould where it cools and solidifies. Thus one can cast different objects known as castings. The shop where metals are cast is called a “foundry”. Castings are used to produce engines and airplanes, and different types of machinery.
Steel is iron with a very little carbon content (from 0.05 to 1.7 per cent) which makes it much stronger than iron and is therefore widely used in machine-building. But very much carbon makes steel brittle, which reduces its strength. Therefore the carbon content in steel is confined to certain limits.
Cast iron contains a higher percentage of carbon than steel does (more than 2.0 per cent). It is very cheap; in fact, it is the cheapest of all the engineering metals used in machine-building. Grey iron foundries are the most numerous because grey iron can be cast into almost any conceivable shape and size. Grey iron is also adapted to a great variety of castings, such as automobile, gas, steam, and hydraulic engine cylinders, bed plates for machines, car wheels, agricultural machinery parts, furnace and stove parts, water pipes, gears, and general machinery parts. The nature of the metal used for grey iron castings is such that casting can be made so hard that ordinary tool steel will not cut them or, on the other hand, so soft that they can be readily machined. However, in comparison with other metals grey iron is weak. The alloy of grey castings is composed of iron, carbon, silicon, phosphorous, manganese and sulphur. These elements are used in different proportions depending on the grade of castings.
Alloy grey iron. Common grey iron castings have low strength and wearing qualities, and many experiments have been conducted with a view to overcome this short-coming. This has been accomplished, and the alloy known as alloy grey iron has been created. It is easy to machine because most of the carbon present is in free or uncombined state. It is used much, if not entirely, for making steam- and gas-engine cylinders, also for many other castings that require greater strength and wearing qualities than are furnished by common grey iron. Alloy grey iron is one of the latest alloys developed and has a promising future. It has a tensile strength of 40,000 to 60,000 lbs per square inch as it comes from the mould, and when it is heat-treated, a much greater strength is produced. Malleable iron castings are being increasingly used every year to manufacture different types of machinery.
Many castings that were formerly made of grey cast iron are now made of malleable iron. One of the reasons for using malleable iron instead of grey iron is that malleable iron is much stronger than grey iron castings. Malleable castings can be made much thinner in section. However, they are seldom used in the form they come from the moulds, as they are hard and brittle, and therefore they should be annealed. Malleable iron before annealing is usually spoken of as white iron. White iron is difficult to machine because most of the carbon is in chemical combination with the iron. Malleable iron can be cast into very large bodies on account of its high shrinkage and because of the difficulty of annealing. It is the most easily machined of all ferrous alloys. It has to be melted very hot and poured very rapidly, because it solidifies quickly. Malleable iron castings are used in agricultural machinery, railroad equipment, automobile parts, and many other products.
The metal is usually tested for tensile strength and elongation. The tensile strength ranges from 38,000 to 55,000 lbs per square inch and the elongation is usually about 20 to 25 per cent.
Language study
1. Make nouns from the following verbs:
to apply, to solidify, to strengthen, to limit, to vary, to require.
2. Give synonyms to the following words:
cause, to limit, completely, easily, to consist of, to demand, to produce.
3. Give the antonyms to the following words:
to separate, unimportant, unknown, to melt, same, great, thick, expensive, light, strong, high.
4. Summarize the information on ferrous metals:
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Ferrous metal
Steel
Cast iron
Alloy grey iron
Composition
Derivation
Carbon content
Properties
Cost
Application