- •Introduction
- •Chapter 1 Occupational safety and health legislation
- •1.1. Legislation of occupational safety
- •1.1.1. Occupational safety law
- •1.1.2. Protection of women labor
- •1.1.3. Protection of underage labor
- •1.1.4. Occupational safety financing
- •1.1.5. State standard acts of occupational safety
- •1.1.6. Standard acts of occupational safety in enterprise
- •1.1.7. General duty of care and responsibilities
- •1.1.8. International cooperation in occupational safety
- •1.2. State management of occupational safety
- •1.2.1. Bodies of state management of occupational safety
- •1.2.2. Occupational safety management system
- •1.3. Occupational safety training
- •1.3.1. Occupational safety training
- •1.3.2. Occupational safety instruction. Types of instruction.
- •1.4. State and common supervision of occupational safety
- •1.4.1. State supervision
- •1.4.2. Public supervision of occupational safety
- •1.5. Principles of accident prevention
- •1.5.1. Accident investigation and recording
- •1.5.2. Occupational disease investigation
- •1.5.3. Accident auditing
- •1.5.4. Accident analysis
- •1.5.5. Risk management
- •1.5.5.1. Hazard identification
- •Inspection worksheet
- •1.5.5.2. Risk assessment
- •1.5.5.3. Risk control
- •Chapter 2 Occupational sanitation and hygiene
- •2.1. Work area microclimate
- •2.1.1. Biological effect of microclimate parameters
- •2.1.2. Meteorological standard
- •2.2. Airborne contamination
- •2.2.1. Biological effect of airborne contaminants
- •2.2.2. Airborne contaminant exposure standard
- •2.3. Ventilation systems
- •2.3.1. Natural ventilation
- •2.3.2. Mechanical ventilation
- •2.3.3. Ventilation system requirements
- •2.4. Heating systems
- •2.5. Illumination of work areas
- •2.5.1. Biological effect and technical characteristics
- •2.5.2. Requirements to work area illumination
- •2.5.3. Types of work area illumination
- •2.5.4. Natural illumination
- •2.5.5. Artificial illumination
- •2.5.6. Artificial illumination standard.
- •2.5.7. Artificial illumination prediction methods
- •2.6. Protection from noise and vibration
- •2.6.1. Noise physical characteristics
- •2.6.2. Noise exposure standard
- •2.6.3. Noise control
- •2.6.4. Infra sound
- •2.6.5. Ultra sound
- •2.6.6. Vibration exposure
- •2.6.7. Vibration control
- •Chapter 3 Electrical safety
- •3.1. Biological effect
- •3.2. Types of electric injury
- •3.3. Why electric injury can be fatal
- •3.4. Basic factors resulting in electric injury
- •3.5. Causes of electric injuries
- •3.6. Assessing risk associated with operating power facity
- •3.6.1. Danger in one-phase power line.
- •3.6.2. Danger in three-phase power line with insulated neutral.
- •3.6.3. Danger in three-phase power line with grounded neutral.
- •3.7. Systems of electric injuries prevention
- •3.7.1. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in normal operation.
- •3.7.2. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in emergency operation.
- •3.8. Electro-protective equipment
- •3.9. First aid on electric injury
- •Chapter 4 Occupational safety regulations
- •4.1. Protection from atmospheric electricity. Lightning-proof category and zone type
- •4.1.1. Lightning-proof installation
- •4.2. Fire safety systems
- •4.2.1. Fire safety
- •4.2.2. Automatic fire detectors installing.
- •4.3. Safety rules for computer operators
- •4.3.1. Visual overloading.
- •4.3.2. Overexertion of skeletal-muscle system.
- •4.3.3. Skin irritation.
- •4.3.4. Central nervous system lesion.
- •4.3.5. Effecting on reproductive function.
- •4.4. Workplace aesthetic.
- •4.5. Occupational safety standards for computer workplace
- •4.6. Prophylaxis of occupational disease
- •4.6.1. Medical examination
- •4.6.2. Nutrition
- •4.6.3. Psychological relaxation
4.3. Safety rules for computer operators
Occupancy in conditions of overloading nervous and emotional stress, long static loads, constrained physical activity causes neurosis, psychological disorder, skeletal-muscle system, cardio-vascular system disease etc. Computers, television, communication systems are sources of harmful exposure to electro-magnetic radiation.
Investigations carried out by International Labor and Health Organization proved that computer users meet problems with visual function, skeletal-muscle, central nervous, cardio-vascular and immune and sexual system, skin irritation. Operators frequently complain about having fast fatigue, headache, visual worsening that makes undesirable psychological and physiological effect.
Investigation of medics, hygienists, psychologists, light specialists, and experts of occupational safety and ergonomics testified that modern profession of computer operator belongs to category of intelligent occupancy characterized by high intensity of visual function, monotonous position, multiple stereotype motions with high coordination fulfilled only by wrist’s muscles on the background of total low physical activity and nervous stress. Except mentioned factors there’re physical factors such as electric static field, radio-frequency and X-ray exposure.
It’s the proven fact that health of computer operator depends on what type of work he does and condition at the workplace. All computer users can be divided into two groups: professional and not professional. Not professional users work on computer periodically as not basic but additional tool (scientists, engineers, librarians, students etc).
Activity of professional computer users can be divided into three work categories:
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Repetitive not complicated operations, which don’t take high mental stress. For example, computer typing, enquiry service.
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Fulfilling logic operations, which are repetitive. Planning engineers, designers, operators of automatic technical facilities do this kind of work.
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Working connected with making decisions when further algorithm of options is unknown. For example, programmers, rail transport or airport dispatchers.
4.3.1. Visual overloading.
Operating computer poses most load to all components of visual analyzer.
The range of negative factors can cause possible visual perception worsening inherent for computer operators 15 - 20% more than for occupants not using computers.
Continuos focusing sight at display decreases frequency of eyes blinking. It in turn brings to less moistening of eyeball by mucous liquid that protects eye membrane from drying and dust. It may cause Sikk syndrome what means drying and dulling of iris and in final stage blinding.
Headache, nervous and psychological stress, reducing work production are the consequences of intensive visual work on computer also.
Visual work on computer is significantly effected by three groups of factors:
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workplace illumination parameters;
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display characteristics;
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work category.
That’s why attention of experts on occupational safety and workers themselves should be focused on lighting work place, using modern displays with improved characteristics, keeping work and rest time schedule.