- •Introduction
- •Chapter 1 Occupational safety and health legislation
- •1.1. Legislation of occupational safety
- •1.1.1. Occupational safety law
- •1.1.2. Protection of women labor
- •1.1.3. Protection of underage labor
- •1.1.4. Occupational safety financing
- •1.1.5. State standard acts of occupational safety
- •1.1.6. Standard acts of occupational safety in enterprise
- •1.1.7. General duty of care and responsibilities
- •1.1.8. International cooperation in occupational safety
- •1.2. State management of occupational safety
- •1.2.1. Bodies of state management of occupational safety
- •1.2.2. Occupational safety management system
- •1.3. Occupational safety training
- •1.3.1. Occupational safety training
- •1.3.2. Occupational safety instruction. Types of instruction.
- •1.4. State and common supervision of occupational safety
- •1.4.1. State supervision
- •1.4.2. Public supervision of occupational safety
- •1.5. Principles of accident prevention
- •1.5.1. Accident investigation and recording
- •1.5.2. Occupational disease investigation
- •1.5.3. Accident auditing
- •1.5.4. Accident analysis
- •1.5.5. Risk management
- •1.5.5.1. Hazard identification
- •Inspection worksheet
- •1.5.5.2. Risk assessment
- •1.5.5.3. Risk control
- •Chapter 2 Occupational sanitation and hygiene
- •2.1. Work area microclimate
- •2.1.1. Biological effect of microclimate parameters
- •2.1.2. Meteorological standard
- •2.2. Airborne contamination
- •2.2.1. Biological effect of airborne contaminants
- •2.2.2. Airborne contaminant exposure standard
- •2.3. Ventilation systems
- •2.3.1. Natural ventilation
- •2.3.2. Mechanical ventilation
- •2.3.3. Ventilation system requirements
- •2.4. Heating systems
- •2.5. Illumination of work areas
- •2.5.1. Biological effect and technical characteristics
- •2.5.2. Requirements to work area illumination
- •2.5.3. Types of work area illumination
- •2.5.4. Natural illumination
- •2.5.5. Artificial illumination
- •2.5.6. Artificial illumination standard.
- •2.5.7. Artificial illumination prediction methods
- •2.6. Protection from noise and vibration
- •2.6.1. Noise physical characteristics
- •2.6.2. Noise exposure standard
- •2.6.3. Noise control
- •2.6.4. Infra sound
- •2.6.5. Ultra sound
- •2.6.6. Vibration exposure
- •2.6.7. Vibration control
- •Chapter 3 Electrical safety
- •3.1. Biological effect
- •3.2. Types of electric injury
- •3.3. Why electric injury can be fatal
- •3.4. Basic factors resulting in electric injury
- •3.5. Causes of electric injuries
- •3.6. Assessing risk associated with operating power facity
- •3.6.1. Danger in one-phase power line.
- •3.6.2. Danger in three-phase power line with insulated neutral.
- •3.6.3. Danger in three-phase power line with grounded neutral.
- •3.7. Systems of electric injuries prevention
- •3.7.1. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in normal operation.
- •3.7.2. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in emergency operation.
- •3.8. Electro-protective equipment
- •3.9. First aid on electric injury
- •Chapter 4 Occupational safety regulations
- •4.1. Protection from atmospheric electricity. Lightning-proof category and zone type
- •4.1.1. Lightning-proof installation
- •4.2. Fire safety systems
- •4.2.1. Fire safety
- •4.2.2. Automatic fire detectors installing.
- •4.3. Safety rules for computer operators
- •4.3.1. Visual overloading.
- •4.3.2. Overexertion of skeletal-muscle system.
- •4.3.3. Skin irritation.
- •4.3.4. Central nervous system lesion.
- •4.3.5. Effecting on reproductive function.
- •4.4. Workplace aesthetic.
- •4.5. Occupational safety standards for computer workplace
- •4.6. Prophylaxis of occupational disease
- •4.6.1. Medical examination
- •4.6.2. Nutrition
- •4.6.3. Psychological relaxation
Chapter 4 Occupational safety regulations
4.1. Protection from atmospheric electricity. Lightning-proof category and zone type
Lightning is spark discharge of atmospheric electricity between clouds and ground. The streak lightning is frequent and destructive. Streak lightning current produces electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical effect to the object causing damage and fire. To provide protection from lightning for buildings and constructions they use a range of measures.
Every building and construction irrespective to its purpose is protected in accordance to lightning-proof category and zone type (table 4.1). According to the standard “ONTP 24-86” all areas and buildings are divided into 5 categories of fire and explosion risk areas. Data of meteorological station (table 4.2) shows average year’s thunderstorm activity in hours. Table 4.3 contains expected year’s average number of lightning strokes getting into 1 km2 of the ground.
Buildings referred to objects of categories I and II are protected from direct lightning stroke, electromagnetic and electrostatic induction, and high potentials transferring in through ground and underground constructions. Objects of category III are protected from direct lightning stroke and transferring in high potentials through ground and underground constructions. External objects referred to the category II are protected from direct lightning stroke and its secondary factors, and those referred to category III are protected only from direct lightning stroke.
Buildings with rooms or areas, which need lightning-proof of the whole building, or building of categories I, II and III are recommended to make lightning-proof following requirements referred to category I. If the area, which needs lightning-proof makes less 30% of the total area of single-store building the whole building can be protected in accordance to category II.
Buildings with rooms or areas, which need lightning-proof of categories II and III are recommended to make lightning-proof following requirements to category II. If the floor area, which needs lightning-proof of category II makes less 30% of the total area of single-store building the whole building can be protected as category III, but protection from transferring high potential into areas of category II through communication system should be foreseen.
Table 4.1 - Lightning-proof equipment category and protection zone type
Building class by RIPF |
Location |
Protection zone type |
Protective equipment category |
1. B-I, B-II |
All territory of Ukraine |
Zone A |
I |
2. B-Ib, B-Ia |
When K10 |
When N<1 – zone B |
II |
3. Outside objects of category B-Ig |
All territory of Ukraine |
Zone B |
II |
4. P-I, P-II, P-Iia |
When K20 |
For buildings of I and II class of fire resistance when 0.1<N<2 and III, IV and V class of fire resistance when 0.02<N<2 – zone B; when N>2 – zone A |
III |
5. Outside objects of category II and III |
When K20 |
0.1<N<2 – zone B; when N>2 – zone A |
III |
6. Objects of fire resistance class III-V, which are not classified by RIPF |
When K20 |
0.1<N<2 – zone B; when N>2 – zone A |
III |
7. Stacks, towers over 15 m height |
When K20 |
Zone B |
III |
8. Buildings of 30 m height, remote from the other buildings at distance over 400 m |
When K20 |
Zone B |
III |
Note: K – average year’s thunderstorm activity in hours per year; N – expected number of lightning strokes buildings and structures which are not equipped with lightning-proof.
Table 4.2 - Average annual thunderstorm activity
Regions |
Average thunderstorm activity |
1. Crimea Republic |
40-60 |
2. Zakarpattya, Zaporizya, Donetsk |
80-100 |
3. Other |
60-80 |
Table 4.3 - Expected number of lightning strokes at 1 km2 of the ground area n depending on thunderstorm activity K
Thunderstorm activity |
Expected number of lightning strokes n |
10-20 |
1 |
20-40 |
2 |
40-60 |
4 |
60-80 |
5.5 |
80-100 |
7.0 |
100 and more |
8.5 |
Recommendations improving safety are: grounding electrodes are situated beyond from public places, at the distance over 5 m from roads, under bitumen. To avoid pace voltage grounding should be underground. Conductors are to be mounted in unreachable place.