- •In each course. The student's work is given a mark, usually
- •I think that mathematics is «the language of science» and plays
- •Interested in your life in students' hostel.
- •Intensive — intensity, electric — electricity;
- •Variety — various, number — numerous, monotony — monotonous;
- •Important one for mankind is evident to all. The more civilization
- •Is developing, the greater the ecological problems are becoming.
- •8. It is the development of robots that will solve some very
- •1. The problem that has become the most important one is the
- •8. Human activity
- •1. Какие биографические факты из жизни изобретателя телефона приведены
- •2. Какие другие факты, кроме приведенных, вы знаете об изобретателе
- •3. Что нового вы узнали из текста? Соотнесите факты, относящиеся к
- •Illuminate — освещать; sophisticate — усложнять
- •Very great, large number (quantity), at a very high level (suddenly), put together
- •Injured/wounded.
- •If I were free, I should help you. Were I free, I should help you.
- •If he had known about the lecture, he would have come. Had he known about the
- •Information in as little time as possible.
- •§ 1. Глагол to be
- •§ 2. Глагол то have
- •§ 4. Личные и притяжательные местоимения
- •§ 5. Времена группы Simple Active
- •§ 7. Основные формы глаголов
- •§ 8. Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice)
- •§ 9. Особенности перевода пассивной конструкции
- •§ 10. Предлог (The Preposition)
- •Into в, out of из и т.Д.
- •§ 11. Времена группы Continuous
- •§ 12. Фунюши и перевод it
- •§ 13. Фун1щии и перевод one
- •§ 14. Функции и перевод that
- •7. Частью усилительной конструкции it is (was)
- •It was you that said so.
- •It was the invention of the
- •§ 15. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий
- •1. Путем прибавления суффикса -ег в сравнительной степени
- •2. С помощью слов тоге в сравнительной степени и most в
- •1 Хорошийу хорошо
- •§ 16. Времена группы Perfect
- •§ 17. Соответствие английских временных форм
- •1 Время
- •Is ) asking
- •§ 19. Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses)
- •1. Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в настоящем
- •2. Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в прошедшем
- •§ 20. Согласование времен
- •I (предшествующее действие)
- •I (предшествующее действие)
- •§ 21. Дополнение (The Object)
- •§ 22. Определение (The Attribute)
- •I have read the article which you
- •I have read the article you recommended.
- •§ 23. Неопределенные местоимения some, any, no, every
- •§ 24. Модальные глаголы (The Modal Verbs)
- •It was raining heavily and we Шел сильный дождь, и мы
- •I asked him to do it but he я попросил его сделать это, но
- •§ 25. Функции глагола to be
- •§ 26. Функции глагола to have
- •§ 27. Причастие (The Participle)
- •§ 28. Функции причастия в предложении.
- •1. Причастие в функции определения может занимать место
- •2. Причастие в функции обстоятельства обычно стоит в самом
- •50 Км/ч) is being designed.
- •Very powerful.
- •§ 29. Независимый причастный оборот
- •§ 30. Герундий (The Gerund)
- •1) Подлежащего
- •2) Части составного сказуемого
- •3) Прямого и предложного дополнения
- •4) Обстоятельства
- •5) Определения
- •I Ике his way of reading. Мне нравится его манера читать
- •§ 31. Условные придаточные предложения
- •If we are free (today, tomorrow). Если мы будем свободны, мы
- •If we were free (today, tomor- Если бы мы были свободны,
- •If we had been free (yesterday), Если бы мы были свободны,
- •§ 32. Инфинитив (The Infinitive)
- •3) Части сказуемого (простого и составного)
- •4) Дополнения
- •I am glad to have spoken to our
- •5) Определения
- •§ 33. Инфинитивный оборот с предлогом for
- •It is difficult for students to leam Студентам трудно выучить
- •§ 34. Инфинитив как часть сложного дополнения
- •1) Сложноподчиненным предложением с дополнительным
- •2) Простым предложением со сложным дополнением,
- •§ 35. Инфинитив как часть сложного подлежащего
- •§ 36. Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)
- •It is high time he were here. Давно пора ему быть здесь.
- •I should come with pleasure.
- •§ 37. Употребление различных форм
- •§ 38. Особенности страдательного залога
- •V verb — глагол
- •9'Rizn] V возникать
- •V выводить среднее
- •V бить, победить; to be -en проиграть
- •In (the) - of в случае
- •V вызывать (какое-либо явление),
- •V менять(ся)
- •V обходить вокруг, вращаться
- •V сообщаться, держать связь
- •V откладывать, отсрочивать; задерживать,
- •In 19... В начале 19...; as - as еще
- •Video - видеомонтаж
- •V воздействовать, осуществлять
- •Ventilator -- турбовентиляторный
- •V равняться
- •V падать, понижаться; n падение;
- •V цвести
- •V ходить, ездить; - away уходить;
- •It goes without saying само собой
- •V возглавлять
- •V приземляться
- •V насчитывать
- •V подниматься, увеличиваться,
- •V разрушать, разорять
- •V защищать, отгораживать,
- •7Eikn] V качать(ся), потрясать;
- •V гласить, устанавливать,
- •V изучать, учить
- •V подвергаться чему-либо
- •V носить (одежду)
- •V беспокоить(ся), волноваться
- •Vehicles and to take delivery of them faster.
- •Is going to change the way businesses interact with each other by
- •If you are a customer, your funds will move automatically to
- •Investments. Some banks will offer to manage your assets (имущество,
- •In the past, companies were virtually alike in terms of how they
- •It empowers you to be highly responsive to customers
- •In a small warehouse, improvements can be obtained from
- •Information system and computer network, McDonald's restaurants
- •Information systems and may only provide services such as warehousing
- •6. Navair wants logistics data to be converted to digital form for
- •Is essential because electronic networks and software-driven
- •Information technology will do well no matter where they live.
- •Is a great field for almost anyone today. Just about every
- •1. Unusually
- •2. Interesting and difficult
- •In discussion with customers about how they use your product,
- •Value [Vaelju:] п стоимость, цена
- •Vital [Vaitl] а жизненно важный,
- •In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive
- •Very different from the laws of another country. But the law today
- •Is, to a large extent, a complex of different and relatively independent
- •Institution.
- •If the jury decides that the defendant is guilty, the judge will
- •1. If someone commits а crime, the police must try to find out
- •Individual people and bodies. Examples of the civil law include
- •Victim is wholly innocent and the defendant even only little to
- •Injured an elderly man. You will have committed a criminal offence
- •In what court it shall lie, or when it is to be tried. Procedural rules
- •In all legal systems there are institutions for creating, modifying,
- •Its own limited jurisdiction over a particular type of claim. Many
- •In contrast, arbitration is a private means of adjudication, arranged
- •Is likely to be someone with expertise in the area. The purpose
- •Is divided into two groups: barristers and solicitors. Barristers are
- •In both the United States and other industrialized countries,
- •In most countries, once a lawyer is fully qualified he receives a
- •Into an air-traffic controller's computer system and caused aeroplanes
- •Very hard to safeguard information stored on a computer, particularly
- •V обжаловать, апеллировать, по- ристер
- •It is about 5 o'clock.
- •I shall go home after
- •Imanti-,
- •Viz videlicet — лат. A именно
- •Vs versus — лат. Против
- •V.V. Vice versa — лат. Наоборот
- •In a natural logarithm of a
- •1 Caught [ko:t]
- •1 Done [dAn]
- •Infinitive
- •Infinitive
- •Infinitive
- •Infinitive
- •1 Write [rait]
- •Voice) (287). § 9. Особенности перевода пассивной конструкции
- •105005, Москва, 2-я Бауманская, 5.
- •105318, Г. Москва, Измайловское шоссе, 4,
- •445043, Г. Тольятти, Южное шоссе, 30.
- •Isbn 5-7038-2599-7
In all legal systems there are institutions for creating, modifying,
abolishing and applying the law. Usually these take the form of
413
а hierarchy of courts. The role of each court and its capacity to
make decisions is strictly defined in relation to the courts. There
are two main reasons for having a variety of courts. One is that a
particular court can specialize in a particular kind of legal action.
The other is so that a person who feels his case was not fairly
treated in a lower court can appeal to a higher court for reassessment.
The decisions of a higher court are binding upon lower
courts. At the top of the hierarchy is a supreme law-making body.
The court in which a case is first heard is called the court of
first instance. Appellate courts (or Appeal Courts) are civil or crime
courts to which a person may go for a reconsideration of the decision
of the original court.
The formal courts are not the only means of solving disputes;
adjudication increasingly takes place outside the court system. The
two main forms of extra-court adjudication are tribunals and arbitration.
Tribunals were established to adjudicate on disputes arising
out of social legislation which regulates such areas as employment,
housing and social security benefits.
The disputes in these areas might be settled by ordinary courts
but the ordinary courts lack the necessary expertise or are too formal,
slow and costly. Hence, the legislation has established a tribunal
to do the job. There are numerous types of tribunals, each with
Its own limited jurisdiction over a particular type of claim. Many
tribunals have expert assessors^ sitting along a legally experienced
chairman to make up the judging paneP. From the point of view of
the ordinary citizens they are the most important courts in the
country but from the point of view of lawyers they are perhaps the
least important element in the court system of England.
In contrast, arbitration is a private means of adjudication, arranged
and agreed between parties involved. Here the parties agree
to place their dispute in the hands of an independent third party
and invest the arbitrator with the power to decide the issue. The arbitrator
Is likely to be someone with expertise in the area. The purpose
of arbitration is to enable people to have small disputes
resolved in an informal atmosphere, avoiding as far as possible the
strict rules of procedure usually associated with court proceedings.
This does not mean that rules are not observed because the object
of all court procedures is to protect the interests of each party to the
action and to ensure that the case is tried fairly. Nevertheless, the
formalities are kept to the minimum.
414
The advantages of arbitration are similar to those of tribunals:
speed, lower costs, flexibility, informality and adjudication by an
expert. These advantages must, of course, be balanced against disadvantages.
There is the argument that cheaper, quicker and less
formal hearings result in a poor quality service. Nevertheless, the
increasing use of tribunals and arbitration seems to indicate that
they are a popular way of resolving disputes. On a wider point, they
also increase access to justice for the ordinary people who make up
38 per cent of the plaintiffs.
Notes to the Text
1. expert assessor — эксперт-консультант
2. judging panel — состав, список судей
Упражнение 1. Дайте русские эквиваленты выделенным словам и словосочетаниям,
переведите предложения.
1. А hierarchy of courts is an organization with levels of authority
from the highest to the lowest courts. 2. To appeal means to take
a case to a higher court in the hope of a new decision. 3. A request
to a higher court to reexamine and change the judgment of a previous
court hearing is called an appeal. 4. An appellant is the person
or the party that requests an appeal. 5. Adjudicatioii is an act of giving
a judgment or of deciding a legal problem. 6. The courts called
tribunals are specialist courts outside the judicial system which examine
special problems and make judgments. 7. To arbitrate is to
settle a dispute between parties by referring it to an arbitrator instead
of going to court. 8. The word «legislation» means making
laws or the laws made. 9. Jurisdiction is administration of justice or
the extent of legal authority. 10. An assessor expert helps and advises
a judge on technical matters in a particularly difficult case.
11. Disputes are disagreements or arguments. To be in dispute
means to be in opposition to each other. 12. The agreement is binding
on all parties, that is, all parties signing it must do what is
agreed. 13. To bind is to place a court under legal obligation to act
in accordance with a previous judicial decision.
Упражнение 2. Заполните пропуски.
1. We have no authority to deal with this matter: it does not
come within our ... 2.The person who goes to a higher court to ask
415
it to change a decision or a sentence of a lower court is known to be
called an ... 3. To ... means to take a question to a higher court for
rehearing and a new decision. 4. An ... is a person giving a decision
on a legal problem in an industrial dispute. 5. The judicial ... implies
that judges in the higher courts have more authority than
those in the lower courts. 6. Labour ... is laws concerning the employment
of workers. 7. ... is the settlement of a dispute between
parties by an outside person, chosen by both parties. 8. He lost his
... for damages against the company. 9. Industrial ... are courts
which can decide in disputes between employers and employees.
10. Industrial or labour ... are arguments between management and
workers. 11. ... precedent is a decision of a higher court which has
to be followed by a judge in a lower court.
Упражненве 3. Составьте словосочетания глаголов из колонки А и существительных
из колонки В.
1. hear/ treat
2. play
3. regulate
4. resolve / settle
5. make
6. observe
7. protect
8. keep
9. invest
10. assess
11. appeal
В
a. interests
b. a rule
с a case
d. facts
e. relations
f. with power
g. a part / role
h. a dispute / argument
i. to a higher court
j. smth. to the minimum
k. a decision
Упражненве 4. Подберите к глаголам из колонки А близкие по значению
слова и словосочетания из колонки В.
А
1. abolish
2. agree
3. argue
4. avoid
5. bind
6. establish
7. settle / resolve
8. treat
В
a. express disagreement
b. consider, deal with
с legally force to do smth.
d. put an end to
e. say «yes», be of the same opinion
f. keep away from, escape
g. set up
h. decide, determine
416
Упражнение 5. Подберите к словам из колонки А синонимы или близкие
по значению словосочетания из колонки В.
1. issue
2. capacity
3. benefit
4. hearing
5. extra
6. strict
7. ordinary
8. expertise
9. supreme
10. flexible
В
trial
subject of a dispute; question for discussion
ability
advantage; help
e. adaptable
f. highest
g. outside
h. precisely limited; exactly defined
i. normal, usual
j . expert knowledge
Упражнение 6. Заполните пропуски антонимами,
inside ... formal .
agreement
the latter
fairiy
old
informality
dissimilarity
щие:
Упражнение 7. Назовите прилагательные с суффиксом -able, означаю-
1. that can be argued
2. that can be enforced
3. that can be avoided
4. that can be agreed
Упражнение 8. Заполните таблицу на словообразование.
Verb
impart
Noun
avoidance
enforcement
Adjective
legislative
arguable
agreeable
417
Упражнение 9. А. Назовите 20—25 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на
тему «Judicial institutions and courts».
В. Speak about:
1. The difference between courts of first instance and appellate
courts.
2. The риф08е of tribunals and arbitration.
3. The advantages of arbitration.
Texts
Какие требования предъявляют к квалификации юриста в современном
обществе? Прочитайте и переведите текст.
The Profession of Lawyers
The word «lawyer» describes a person who practices law, who
has become officially qualified to act in certain legal matters because
of examinations he has taken and professional experience he has
gained. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each
take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular
jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take
examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.
A distinctive feature of the legal profession in England is that it