Женевский автосалон

Ежегодный Женевский Автосалон – одно из восхитительных авто-событий года. Он неизменно представляет головокружительную смесь эстетической и технологической экзотики, которой не может соответствовать никакой другой международный автосалон, и этот год не был исключением. Размах недавно представленных моделей, знаменитых концептов и малоизвестных единичных моделей, был исключителен.

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Vocabulary / Словарь:

1. annual – ежегодный

2.automotive – автомобильный

3. exception – исключение, отклонение от нормы, несоответствие правилам

4. invariably – неизменно, постоянно, без исключений

5. delivery – поставка, доставка

6. safety and emissions legislation – законодательство относительно безопасности и выбросов

7. to retain – держать, удерживать, аккумулировать, вмещать

8. fender – решетка, щит

9. in this respect – в этом отношении

10. body – кузов, корпус

11. vehicle – транспортное средство

12. lightweight – вес облегченный, легкий

13. to bond – связывать, соединять, скреплять

14. adhesive – адгезионный, клеящий, связывающий

15. to rivet – заклёпывать, клепать, скреплять заклёпками

16. strength – сила, прочность, сопротивление

17. torsional rigidity –жёсткость при кручении

18. gearbox –коробка передач, коробка скоростей

19. clutch – сцепление

20. cradle – опора, рама

21. suspension – подвеска

22. cantilever – консоль, кронштейн

23. shock absorber – амортизатор

24. folding roof – складная крыша

25. wind tunnel – аэродинамическая труба

Образец № 5

Economic growth

Stuart Cochrane,

Guide to Economics, Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013, p. 88-89.

Экономический рост

Стюарт Кошрейн,

Введение в экономику, издательство «Макмиллан» 2013, с. 88-89.

Abstract

The article is devoted to economic growth. It is claimed that economic growth does not happen everywhere. It is shown why an increase in GNP may not show economic growth. Attention is also concentrated on steady growth. The article touches upon three factors which positively influence economic growth.

Special emphasis is laid on things that are necessary for economic growth. In conclusion the author reports on importance of technology.

Economic growth

Many millions of people enjoy a quality of life today that previous generations could not have dreamed of. Home ownership, private cars and holidays are now standard for most families in industrialised countries. And yet at the same time, billions of people in other countries live without even clean drinking water. How can this be? The answer is that the fortunate few live in countries with sustained economic growth.

An economy is growing when the gross national product is increasing year after year. When economists calculate economic growth, though, they must take into account the effects of inflation. For example, imagine that the gross national product of a country increased from $500 billion to $510 billion from one year to another. That’s an increase of two per cent in output. Very impressive! However, if the rate of inflation was two per cent, then there has been no real growth at all.

The other thing to remember about economic growth is that not all growth is good. Governments want steady, sustainable growth. Sudden, sharp increases in growth – a boom – can cause the economy to overheat and fall into recession. For many economies, the long run growth over many years is steady, but the short run is a roller-coaster ride of boom and depression. For instance, the long run growth of the UK economy since 1950 has been 2, 5 % per year. However, if you look closely at any decade you’ll see that there is a cycle of growth, recession and recovery. The truth is, steady growth in the short term, is very hard to achieve.

Nevertheless, many countries are still struggling to achieve any kind of growth at all. Why is this? What is necessary for growth to happen? Many economists have tried to find the answer to this question, and there are plenty of theories to choose from. However, most economists agree that three things are essential for economic growth to occur: capital growth, savings and technological progress.

Capital refers to the factors and machinery that the labour force uses to turn raw materials will only lead to a certain amount of growth. Eventually, the economy needs more capital for the labour to use. Capital growth can also include training and education for the labour force. This makes the workforce more efficient, creative and productive.

Of course, someone has to pay for the new machines and training. In other words, capital growth needs to be borrowed from banks. Banks can only lend if the customers make savings. This is why savings are so important for growth. However, the economy will not grow if everyone is saving and no one is spending. Getting the right balance between consumption and savings is another part of the challenge of economic growth.

But above all, technology is the real miracle worker of economic growth. An advance in technology can increase productivity from the same amount of capital and resources: just what the chancellor ordered!