14. We shall work in clothing manufacture

Words and words-combinations to be remembered:

clothing manufacture виробництво одягу

clothes designing моделювання і конструювання одягу

garments одяг

ready-to wear clothes готовий одяг layout настилання marking намітка (крейдою) cutting розкрій

handling fullness надання об'єму

Specialists for clothing manufacture are trained at the technological faculties of such higher schools as the Kyiv State Academy of Light Industry, the Khmelnytsky Technological University and some others.

Light industry needs qualified specialists in clothes designing and manufacture. Future designers of clothes and technologists are intended for managing, researching and manufacturing. At higher schools the students study social sciences, humanities, fundamental and applied iciences. Special subjects and technologies are taught to senior students. Apart from this the students have to possess a lot of professional skills and know-hows in designing, technology and research. The work of a designer of clothes is a creative one. To make a new design of a garment the designer must study trends of the ready-to-wear industry пні market. Clothing tastes of the public should be taken into account us well. The designer should be well acquainted with the historic tostume. The ability to predict customer desires several years in advance is the main feature of the designer's work. And of course the designer must have a profound knowledge of clothes technology, і lot lung technologist must be a good specialist in clothing manufac­ture He or she must know all stages of making clothes: marking, hilling, bundles assembling, clothing parts making, handling fullness, Msembling and finishing. Specialists of clothing manufacture must be Iware of textile fibres and fabrics, their uses and clothing making equipment.

Students have to know how to explore new tendencies in clothing production, be ready to carry out research and put its results into рік nee. To be good specialists students study hard, they take practical 11 .lining at the students' design bureaus and at the light industry enterprises. Qualified staff of professors and teachers help them in getting a thorough knowledge of their future profession.

Answer the following questions:

1. Where are designers of clothes and technologists trained?

2. What knowledge and abilities must future specialists possess?

3. What is the work of a designer of clothes?

4. What must a clothing technologist know?

15. The principles of knitting and knitted fabrics

New words to be remembered:

fabric тканина, полотно

thread нитка

loop петля

yam пряжа

to ladder (to run) спускати (про петлю)

underwear нижня білизна

appearance зовнішній вигляд

knitwear трикотажні вироби

Knitting is the second of the fundamental methods of making fabrics. Instead of the two sets of threads lying at right-angles to each other that make up woven cloth, the structure of ordinary knitted fabric consists of a series of loops made from a single thread running continuously through the fabric.

Knitting may be thus defined as the interlacing of one continuous yarn in such a way as to form loops which are interlocked to make cloth.

Thus, the essential element of knitting is the loop. A loop is a very small length of yarn, drawn through another loop. Each row of loops is linked up with the preceding row and is dependent on the loops which surround it.

Briefly, a knitted fabric is produced by making yarns into loops and connecting the loops together to form a fabric. If the yarns become broken in any place, the fabric will "run" or "ladder" for several stitches and leave a hole.

Owing to the nature of the texture, knitted goods are very elastic and yield readily to any movement of the body, taking the wearer without causing discomfort. This makes it particularly suitable for underwear. Due to the air spaces between the loops, knitted garments are usually warmer than those made from ordinary woven material. There are two distinct types of knitted fabrics:

1. Fabrics that are knitted with one continuous yarn, back and forth across (or round and round) the fabric, are made either circular or flat and are constructed to give elasticity — a necessary requirement for such items as hosiery, underwear, sweaters, gloves.

2. Fabrics that are knitted with many yarns travelling in a more or less vertical direction. These fabrics differ in structure, appearance and elasticity from the former ones. They are always flat fabrics and cannot be fashioned. They are very durable fabrics and do not "ladder" or "run" easily.

These fabrics, because of their non-laddering qualities, are now employed\for gloves, dresses, shirts and all classes of underwear.

For certain purposes knitted fabrics of both the former and the latter type are superior to woven goods, and there is every reason to believe that a still greater expansion of the knitting industry will take place within some years.

Answer the following questions:

1. What does the structure of ordinary knitted fabric consist of?

2. What is the essential element of knitting?

3. What is a loop?

4. What happens when the yarn breaks in any place of a knitted fabric?

5. What makes knitted fabric particularly suitable for underwear?

6. Why are knitted garments warmer than those made from woven material?

Speak on knitting and knitted fabrics:

— the structure of knitted fabrics;

— the essential elements of knitting;

— the texture of knitted goods;

— two distinct types of knitted fabrics: a) circular or flat; b) flat, cannot be fashioned,do not "ladder" or "run".