1.13 Союз

Союз – служебное слово, которое служит для соединения слов и словосочетаний в простом предложении или для соединения отдельных предложений в составе сложного. Союзы делятся на сочинительные и подчинительные.

Сочинительные союзы соединяют однородные члены простого предложения, а также отдельные предложения в составе сложносочиненного. К наиболее распространенным сочинительным союзам относятся: and − и, а (с помощью которого сообщается дополнительная информация), but – но (который предполагает противопоставление), or − или (с помощью которого вводится альтернатива).

Подчинительные союзы присоединяют придаточное предложение к главному в сложноподчиненном предложении. Союзы сравнения, времени и условия уже рассматривались ранее. Среди наиболее распространенных подчинительных союзов следует упомянуть также союзы, которые вводят придаточные предложения причины: as − так как, because − потому что, since − поскольку; so − поэтому (следствия); so that − для того чтобы (цели), in order that − чтобы; in spite of the fact that − несмотря на то что, though/although − хотя (уступительные) и т.д.

Упр. 39. Заполните пропуски одним из следующих союзов: and, but, or.

1. Kate wants to visit either France … Italy this summer.

2. John is from London … Ann is from Manchester.

3. Most tourists who go to Egypt see the pyramids … the Sphinx.

4. Alice is deaf. She works as a journalist … she can use a com- puter.

5. Alice is deaf. She can`t hear … she can see very well.

6. Tom is a vege- tarian, … he sometimes eats fish ang poultry.

7. You`ll have to stay up late to- night … you won`t finish your report by tomorrow.

8. I wanted to have a party on Friday, … my roommate needed to study.

9. Shall we walk to the hotel … do you want to get a taxi?

Упр. 40. Заполните пропуски союзами so, because, though или in order that.

1. I gave him the book … he could study the subject at home

2. I like Carol … she is friendly and interesting.

3. They can`t get into the house … they haven`t got a key.

4. She likes films, …she often goes to the cinema.

5. … I wrote to him, I have had no reply.

6. I won`t be at home this evening, … don`t phone me.

7. He doesn`t like his job … he does the same thing all the time.

8. The company needed fresh ideas, … they decided to hire an outside consultant.

9. He speaks English perfectly … he has never been to Britain.

10. Ann didn`t go to work … she was ill.

11. The door was open, … I walked in.

1.14 Грамматический тест

1 Doing sports can really __________ your muscles.

--- strength ---   strong --- strengthen  --- strongly

2 This is Mary Simpson. She’s the girl _______ works with me.

  which ---  whom ---  whose --- who

3 I am sorry I’m late. I got here as ________ as I could.

 Fast ---  the fastest ----  fastly ----  faster

4 I advise you to visit my …

father-in-law’s library ---- father-in-law library’s ----father’s-in-law library ----- father-in-laws’ library

5 I can’t get through to …

  a Johnsons --- the Johnsons ---    an Johnsons ---- Johnsons

6 It was very stupid ________ him to make such a silly mistake.

   about ---  with ---  to ---- of

7 Children are allowed to use the swimming pool _______ they are with an adult.

Provided ---   in spite of the fact that -----  though   ----- unless

8 He will be late for the train if he _______ at once.

 doesn’t start ---  wouldn’t start ----  won’t start ----  didn’t start

9 The son and heir of the monarch _______ the title «Prince of Wales».

--- give --- gives --- is given --- is being given

10 He left the shop without _______ so he was accused of stealing.

--- to pay --- paying    --- having been paid   --- paid

11 He turned _____at the very end of the party when nobody expected him to appear.

--- back --- up --- round --- on

12 We ________ to hurry or we’ll be late.

--- ought   --- were   --- shall be allowed   --- had

13 London is popular with foreigners, who visit the city in order to see many of its ______ buildings and tourist attractions.

--- unfamiliar --- famous --- familiar --- famously

14 This is a book _______ is definitely going to be a bestseller.

--- what --- who --- whose--- which

15 The more electricity you use, ________ your bill will be.

--- the higher --- more higher --- the highest --- less higher

16 They offered me the job because I had much …

--- certificates --- degrees --- experience --- ideas

17 There’s a regular air-service ________ those two cities.

--- among --- between --- at --- about

18 She wouldn’t forgive him ________ all his apologies.

--- after--- despite --- in case --- for

19 My youngest brother _______ a new job a week ago.

--- got --- has got --- gets --- had got

20 The newspapers are luckily _________ talking at any time.

--- to start --- being started --- started --- start

21 He eventually managed to come _______ a solution.

--- along --- back --- across--- up with

22 The letter must be as _______ as possible.

--- the shortest--- short --- shorter --- shortly

23 All _______ of the world should be peaceful.

--- humanity--- peoples --- man --- mankind

24 You could buy ________ at $500 in those days.

--- A Picasso --- The Picasso --- an Picasso --- Picasso

25 They should arrive ________ the airport in about an hour.

--- in--- at --- to --- out of

26 I haven’t been able to see Mr Brown because when I eventually found his office he _______ to lunch with some foreign visitors.

--- went --- has gone --- was going--- had gone

27 Their car is at the garage. It _______ now.

--- is being repaired --- is repairing --- is repaired --- has repaired

28 He speaks French like a Frenchman, he _________ by an excellent teacher.

--- may have taught --- must have been taught --- had to be taught --- was to be taught

29 He was ________ and wore decent clothes.

--- educator --- educational--- educated --- educative

30 Sam telephoned but there was ______ at home.

--- no--- nobody --- everybody --- nothing

31 You look ______ today!

--- greatly --- greatlier --- the greatest--- great

32 He had ________ holiday last summer.

--- month’s--- a month’s --- a months’ --- months’s

33 Porcelain was first made by …

--- a Chinese --- the Chinese --- Chineses --- Chinese

34 They discussed, ________ other things, recent events in Europe.

--- between--- among --- by --- at

35 Few people like him _______ of his bad manners.

--- since --- though --- in case--- because

36 I _______ English for the last two years but I can’t speak it yet.

--- have been studying --- am studying --- was studying --- study

37 We can’t give refunds on articles of clothes that …

--- are wearing --- are being worn --- have worn--- have been worn

38 He knew himself _______ strong enough to take part in the expedition.

--- be --- having been--- to be --- been

39 Headmaster to student: «That was terrible behaviour! You ________ apologize to your history teacher».

--- should --- must --- may --- can

40 Out of all the students in my music school, I practise …

--- more often--- most often --- the most often --- often

41 Mary hasn’t seen her distant relatives ________ three years.

--- for --- from--- since --- before

42 I’ll never forgive you ________ you tell this to anybody.

--- unless --- since --- because--- if

43 I slipped away while the others …

--- had lunch --- are having lunch --- had had lunch--- were having lunch

44 Shall I send the letter? – No, don’t worry about it. It …

--- has already sent --- is already sending --- was already sendin g--- has already been sent

45 Quite luckily, Nick’s departure was delayed by one day and so we ________ to spend one more evening together.

--- were able   --- had   --- ought   --- might

46 She was so ________ that she lost all her money at the casino.

--- luck --- lucky--- unlucky --- luckily

47 There were ______ interesting people at the party last night.

--- no--- any --- nobody --- every

48 The staff of our hospital includes qualified …

--- woman-doctors --- womans-doctor--- women-doctors --- women-doctor

49 Coffee isn’t popular in England, ________ prefer tea.

--- an English--- a English --- English--- the English

50 The hall _______ before the academic year began.

--- had been painted --- was painting --- painted--- was painted

51 He is clever enough _______ the crossword.

--- to have done --- doing --- do --- to do

52 I hope nobody disturbs me; my favourite television programme will be ______ in five minutes.

--- off --- out --- away --- in

53 I bought everything we need yesterday so I ________ go shopping today.

--- don’t have to --- mustn’t --- shouldn’t --- ought not to

54 London is home to one of the United Kingdom’s most important ______, the Queen.

--- residence  --- residents   --- reside   --- residentiary

55 Do you want to spread _______ honey on your slice of bread?

--- little --- a little --- few --- a few

56 That was ________ meal I’ve had for a long time.

--- the most delicious --- delicious --- more delicious --- much delicious

57 You can easily find that place. There’s ________ in the middle of the square.

--- a monument --- an monument --- the monument --- monument

58 You were rude ________ him for no reason.

--- to --- at --- with --- on

59 Choose an author ________ you choose a friend.

--- when --- in case --- as --- so that

60 He has been doing exercises since five o’clock and he _______ ten so far.

--- has done   --- will do   --- has been doing   --- did

61 Wages _______ to workmen by the day or week.

--- is paid --- are paid --- pay --- pays

62 I saw him ________ her handkerchief.

--- to pick up --- pick up --- having picked up --- picked up

63 Her secret was given _______ by her friend by mistake.

--- in --- up --- away --- off

64 Headmaster to student: «That was terrible behaviour! You ________ apologize to your history teacher».

--- must   --- should   --- may   --- can

65 We all watched __________ as Mark made his speech of thanks.

--- nervous   --- nervy   --- nerveless --- nervously  

66 It is more shameful to distrust one’s friends than to be deceived by …

--- their   --- theirs --- them    --- themselves

67 I am sorry I’m late. I got here as ________ as I could.

--- fast --- the fastest --- fastly --- faster

68 By the time we all returned from holiday father and Bob _______ redecorating the kitchen.

--- had finished   --- finished   --- has finished   --- have finished

69 This story is worth reading. Who wrote it? – It _______ by Jack London.

--- is written  --- was written   --- was being written   --- wrote

70 I was taken _______ when I heard she’d married him. She’d never loved him.

--- away  --- aback   --- on   --- upon

71 There aren’t ______ easy ways of learning languages.

--- some   --- no   --- few --- any  

72 Do you think the police _______ well-paid?

--- doesn’t--- are --- is --- isn’t

73 St. Bernard dogs are named after a monastery high up in …

--- a Alps --- an Alps --- the Alps --- Alps

74 The forecast says it’ll rain. You _________ take your umbrella.

--- should   --- must   --- can   --- needn’t

75 How many means of __________ do you use on a regular basis?

--- сommunication   --- сommunicator   --- сommunicable   --- сommunicate

76 Unfortunately, ______ knew the history of this ancient town.

--- anybody --- nothing --- nobody --- somebody

77 Life is getting …

--- as hard as --- harder and harder    --- hardly  --- more and more hard

78 The money _______ to him.

--- belong   --- do not belong --- belongs    --- is not belonging

79 Tom’s away at the moment. He’s _______ holiday in France.

--- on --- at --- in --- for

80 I wouldn’t worry ________ I’m not bothered.

--- unless --- as long as --- so that --- until

81 Most of Shakespeare’s plays _______ in London.

--- wrote --- were written   --- have been writing   --- were being written  

82 This house wants …

--- to paint --- painting     --- being painted   --- painted

83 The customs officer went through their bags looking _______ drugs.

--- for --- out --- in --- after

84 Ten miles ________ a long way to ride.

--- is --- don’t --- are --- were

85 Aren’t you afraid we have too little petrol? – So what? It’s so close from here that we ________ use the car.

--- mustn’t --- needn’t --- can’t --- shouldn’t

86 The Russian people _______ invincible.

--- don’t   --- can   --- becoming --- is  

87 English is not ________ language spoken in Great Britain.

--- the only   --- a only   --- an only   --- only

88 Police are looking _______ the robbery in Oxford Street that happened last week.

--- into   --- for   --- out   --- after

89 There are special schools for _________ in our country.

--- the blinds --- the blind    --- blinds   --- a blind

90 They used to spend their summer holidays in …

--- a Crimea --- an Crimea --- Crimea --- the Crimea

91 Mr Harrison said that he _______ again.

--- would call --- will have called --- called --- will call

92 The man we interviewed for the job was ________ but we weren’t very impressed with his appearance.

--- intelligence --- intelligent --- intellective --- unintelligent

93 Some old laws are no longer …

--- more effective --- effective --- the most effective --- effectively

94 If you _______ to see Judie, ask her to phone me.

--- would happen --- will happen --- happen --- happened

95 Many film stars now hire bodyguards because they want …

--- protecting   --- to have been protected   --- being protected   --- protected

96 Mary ________ use the dictionary when she reads Spanish books. She knows Spanish very well.

--- doesn’t have to --- mustn’t --- can’t --- isn’t to

 

97 Show me ________ on this map, please.

--- the Canary Islands   --- a Canary Islands   --- an Canary Islands   --- Canary Islands

98 Christine and Andrew knew happiness, _________ they were so poor.

--- though --- after --- before --- lest

99 Without my glasses I can hardly make ________ the words on this page.

--- up --- for --- over --- out

100 I _______ over the phone for a whole hour when the porter knocked at the door.

--- talked --- had been talking --- had talked --- was talking

101 Look _______ through the notes before you start writing.

--- careful --- carefully --- careless --- carefree

102 We should arrive _______ Paris at six in the morning.

--- in --- at --- to --- out of

103 Though the report lasted for a long time, the speaker _______ to with great attention.

--- was listened --- listened --- was listening --- had been listening

104 The train _________ in a minute later, the two brothers parted.

--- coming   --- to be coming   --- have come   --- having come

105 The other day Dad was invited to ________ to see the headmaster.

--- the school   --- a school   --- an school   --- school

106 Books _______ for centuries to preserve and distribute information.

--- are used --- are being used --- have been using --- have been used

107 He gave _____ the idea of convincing her. It was useless.

--- away --- up    --- out   --- under

108 They ________ go to the theatre together because Nelly had agreed to baby-sit for them.

--- were able to --- had to --- can --- were allowed to

109 Before ________ anything you should ask the price.

--- buying --- having bought --- to buy --- having been bought

110 She gave him _______ water to wash his hands and face.

--- a little --- many   --- few   --- a few

111 Would you be so kind as _______ me move the sofa?

--- help   --- helping   --- being helped --- to help  

112 Walk ________ the station, but turn right a couple of blocks before you get there.

--- in   --- from --- towards    --- into

113 The customs officer went through their bags looking _______ drugs.

--- out --- for    --- in   --- after

114 We ________ to hurry or we’ll be late.

--- ought --- were --- shall be allowed --- had

115 Tom’s away at the moment. He’s _______ holiday in France.

--- on   --- at   --- in   --- for

116 He knew himself _______ strong enough to take part in the expedition.

--- to be --- be --- having been --- been