- •Воронежский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет
- •Введение
- •Lecture 1 lexicology as a branch of linguistics
- •1. General characteristics of Lexicology
- •2. Branches of Lexicology
- •3. The connection of Lexicology with other branches of Linguistics
- •4. Synchronic and Diachronic Lexicology
- •Lecture 2 word structure and word meaning
- •1. Lexical units. The word as a fundamental unit of the language
- •2. Components of the word meaning
- •3. Word-Meaning and Motivation
- •4. Types of Meaning
- •Lecture 3 semantic structure of the word
- •1. Types of context
- •2. Word-meaning in syntagmatics and paradigmatics
- •3. Polysemy and ways of its development
- •4. Types of lexical meaning
- •5. Types of polysemy
- •6. Types of semantic changes
- •Lecture 4 semantic relations of words
- •1. Homonymy. Classifications of homonyms, their sources
- •2. Sources of homonymy
- •3. Synonyms. Classification of synonyms. Euphemisms
- •4. Antonyms. Their classification
- •Lecture 5 general characteristics of english vocabulary
- •1. The volume of the vocabulary
- •2. Archaisms
- •3. Neologisms
- •4. Professional terminology
- •5. Standard English. Slang
- •Lecture 6 word-groups and phraseological units
- •1. Types of word combinations. Classifications of word-groups
- •2. Free word groups
- •3. Phraseology as a subsystem of language
- •4. A phraseological unit
- •5. Distinction between free word-groups and phraseological units
- •6. Classification of phraseological units
- •7. Sources of phraseological units
- •Lecture 7 word structure and word-formation
- •1. Morphological structure of the English word
- •2. Word-formation
- •3. Affixation. Prefixation
- •4. Suffixation. Classifications of suffixes
- •5. Conversion
- •6. Other types of word-formation
- •Lecture 8
- •Variants of the english language
- •1. British English and American English as the main variants of the English language
- •2. Morphological peculiarities of American words
- •3. Grammar peculiarities of American words
- •4. Lexical peculiarities of the two variants
- •5. The future of the English language
- •Lecture 9 english lexicography
- •1. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics, its aims and significance
- •2. The history of dictionary making
- •4. Classification of dictionaries
- •4. Main types of linguistic dictionaries of the English language
- •Modern Russian-English English-Russian Dictionaries
- •Modern English and American Dictionaries
- •Вопросы к зачету по курсу «Лексикология английского языка»
- •Final test English Lexicology
- •Заключение
- •Список литературы
- •Table of contents
- •394006 Воронеж, ул.20-летия Октября, 84
3. Affixation. Prefixation
Affixation (аффиксация) is the formation of words by adding affixes to the root (stem). It is a basic means of forming words in English. Affixation has been one of the most productive ways of word-building in all periods of the history of English. It consists in adding an affix to the root of a definite part of speech. Affixation is divided into suffixation and prefixation. In Modern English, suffixation is characteristic of noun and adjective formation, while prefixation is typical of verb formation. As a rule, prefixes change the meaning of roots to which they are added, while the part of speech of a new word remains the same, e.g. lucky / un-lucky (both words are adjectives). Suffixes not only modify the lexical meaning of the root it is added to, but form one part of speech from another, e.g. educate is a verb – education is a noun; care (n) / careless (adj); luck (n) / lucky (adj).
Affixes are divided according to the following principle: a) etymological: native and borrowed (e.g. beautiful – root “beauty” is native suffix “ful” is borrowed); b) lexical-grammatical (e.g. noun-forming, verb-forming, etc. sun, n – sunny, adj.) c) semantical.
Prefixation is the formation of words with the help of prefixes, e.g. coexist, impossible, asleep, rewrite.
Prefixes are divided according to:
a) their origin (Native, e.g. un- / unhappy; Romanic, e.g. in- / inactive; Greek, e.g. poly- / polyglot), etc.;
b) meaning (e.g. negative prefixes: in- / incapable, un- / unable, non- / nonsense, a- / atheism, dis- / dislike; prefixes of time and order: ex- / ex-minister, neo- / neo-classical, after- / afternoon, fore- / forecast, post- / postwar, proto- / protobiology; prefix of repetition: re- / redo; reversal prefixes: de- / demerit, un- / untie, dis- / disagree; locative prefixes: extra- /extraordinary, pan- / panopticon , sub- / submarine, trans- / transcontinental; size and degree: hyper- / hypercritical, mega- / megastar, mini- / miniskirt, super- / supernatural, sur- / surtax, ultra- / ultramodern, vice- / vice-president), etc,;
c) productivity, i.e. the ability to make new words, e.g. un- / unwilling, undo is highly productive.
4. Suffixation. Classifications of suffixes
Suffixation is the formation of words with the help of suffixes, e.g. employer, employee, childish, northwards.
Suffixes are classified according to:
a) their origin (Romanic, e.g. - age / marriage, - ment / government, - tion / organization; Native, e.g. - er / writer, - dom / freedom, - ship / friendship; Greek, e.g. - ism / socialism, - ize / nationalize), etc.;
b) meaning (e.g. - er / worker denotes the agent of the action; - ess / poetess denotes feminine gender; - ence/ance / existence, guidance has abstract meaning; -ie / birdie and - let / booklet express diminutiveness; - age / average, - dom / kingdom – collectivity; - an / republican, - ese / Japanese, -ian / librarian – appurtenance), etc.;
c) part of speech they form (e.g. noun suffixes - er / cutter, - ness / darkness, -ment / payment; adjective suffixes - ish / foolish, - ful / hopeful, - less / hopeless, - y / angry; verb suffixes - en / brighten, - fy / intensify), etc.;
d) productivity, i.e. the relative freedom with which they can combine with bases of the appropriate category (e.g. productive suffixes - er / manager, - ly / badly, - ness / witness, - ie / laddie, - let / cloudlet; non-productive – dom / computerdom, - th / strength; semi-productive - eer / engineer, - ward / downward).