Учебное пособие 1748

Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

nouns reveals the feature of belonging the mind to man человеку (my mind), to the people (our minds), as well as distinctness, exactness of mind (this mind). These features are represented by the following subgroups: a) mind – phenomenon belonging to a person; and b) mind – the definite phenomenon, respectively.

Combination of the lexeme mind with Participles demonstrates the features of mind both as subject and object of action in the cognitive structure of the concept «mind» (see Table 3). As subject mind obtains the following functions: imperfection ([mind] going astray, stumbling

[mind]) (subgroup a) mind – imperfect phenomenon) and the ability of mind to store information, that is objectified by the subgroup b) mind – reservoir for information (preoccupied [minds] [1*]). As object mind is represented as an object of manipulations, that is reflected in the subgroup a) mind – the object of manipulation (removing and withdrawing it [mind]; submitting my mind to Things [2*]).

The feature of mind as a certain ”container” of data was revealed on analysis of combinations of the lexeme mind with the Preposition in (in my mind) (subgroup a) mind – reservoir for information). It is necessary to note the dynamic character of mind, its activity, the representation of mind as a subject of a certain process (purgings), that is represented by the subgroup b) mind – phenomenon, subjected to certain processes.

The analysis of the combination of the lexeme mind with Adjectives, represented in the Table 3, reveals the following features of the concept «mind»: weakness (tender [minds]), that is a physical characteristic and represents mind as physically tangible phenomenon (subgroup a) mind – a weak phenomenon), as well as the objectivity, correctness of functioning of mind (so- ber-minded) (subgroup b) mind – an ally of the truth and rationality), that characterizes mind rather from the position of its objectivity, correctness than in the direction of the vector

“strength-weakness”.

It is also necessary to note personification of mind, its belonging to a person as a certain personal phenomenon (my own mind [1*]). This feature lets us assume that mind in the philosophical picture of the world of F. Bacon has features typical for a definite person, id est. is manifests the unique mental abilities of every person.

As quantitative analysis of the revealed groups showed, in most cases lexeme mind represents the combinations with verbs. This fact proves the actional nature of mind, the importance and urgency of, first of all, the description of the connected actions and the functionality of mind. Mind in the philosophical picture of the world is described as pragmatically-oriented phenomena, as a part of a definite system, addressing to it presupposes the obtaining practically useful results (has applied [his mind] [1*]; the mind be set to work [2*])).

A bit less representative group in the aspect of the revealed examples is the group of the combination of the lexeme mind with the nouns. It demonstrates the importance to describe the qualities (features) of mind in the world picture of F. Bacon in respect to other objects. Thus, on analysis of syntagmatic correlations with the nouns the features demonstrating its volume, discrecity, subjective nature, power, ability to regeneration, perfection of inner structure were revealed.

It is necessary to note that on comparison the features, revealed in every group of combination of the lexeme mind, the common groups of features were singled out that supposedly may demonstrate their dominance, urgency and high degree of relevance for the cognitive structure of the concept under consideration. These features are as follows:

the ability of mind to contain information (to act as reservoir for data);

the belonging of the mind to man;

the ability of mind to feel the influence (changes) from the actions of man;

functionality of mind as object, having many capabilities: to grow in size, to create, to do the job;

independence and autonomous character of mind, that is its ability to selfregeneration, to move in space;

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imperfection of mind.

Let us consider examples demonstrating imperfection of mind – the feature, revealed the on analysis of the combinations of the lexeme mind with verbs, participles and nouns:

…for that the contemplation of truth is a thing worthier and loftier than all utility and magnitude of works; and that this long and anxious dwelling with experience and matter and the fluctuations of individual things, drags down the mind to earth, or rather sinks it to a very Tartarus of turmoil and confusion, removing and withdrawing it from the serene tranquility of abstract wisdom, a condition far more heavenly [2*].

Mind in the given example is an object, being influenced by experience, matter and individual things – the factors leading to degeneration, simplification of mind, that is metaphorically compared to the mind being in Tartarus (Tartarus of turmoil and confusion). Mind in this example acts as controllable, dependable element, that can be dragged down (drags down …to earth), sunk (sinks), removed (removing), withdrawn (withdrawing). Moreover, the desired state of mind, initially intrinsic for mind, is represented, that is desirable or natural for mind. It is serenity and the tranquility of abstract wisdom (serene tranquility of abstract wisdom), close to the ideal, perfect, divine (heavenly).

The following example demonstrates one more verbalized feature of the cognitive structure of the concept «mind», belonging to the most frequent ones, revealed on the analysis of syntagmatic relations of the lexeme mind: the belonging of the mind to man, structural nature of mind and its locutiveness:

For whereas in this first book of aphorisms I proposed to prepare men's minds as well for understanding as for receiving what is to follow, now that I have purged and swept and leveled the floor of the mind, it remains that I place the mind in a good position and as it were in a favorable aspect toward what I have to lay before it [2*].

The above given example considers the complexity of the structure of mind, for the functioning of which the process of preparation is a necessity (prepare men's minds). The complexity of architectonics of mind is proved with the information about its geometrical characteristics, namely, with the floor (the lower coating) of mind (the floor of the mind), subjected to the following manipulations – it can be cleaned, swept and leveled (swept and leveled the floor of the mind).Mind is represented as physically touchable object, capable to be put in a certain position (place the mind in a good position)/ This position contributes to the mind`s adequate perception of the necessary information. Thus, by means of this context the complexity and the geometrical parameters of the mind`s structure, its applied character (the ability for the man to change mind), its materiality (the ability to be the part of physical system) are demonstrated.

It is interesting to note that mind in the works of F. Bacon is represented not only as physically tactile, touchable object, but also as a phenomenon having sensation. Below is the example demonstrating the ability of mind to feel pleasure:

Lastly, I would address one general admonition to all — that they consider what are the true ends of knowledge, and that they seek it not either for pleasure of the mind, or for contention, or for superiority to others, or for profit, or fame, or power, or any of these inferior things, but for the benefit and use of life, and that they perfect and govern it in charity

[1*].

As the example shows, mind is a phenomenon, capable of feeling pleasure (pleasure of the mind). The knowledge, demonstrating their differential nature in the philosophical discourse of

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F. Bacon (there is knowledge for the sake of pleasure and the knowledge for the sake of benefit) act as causators of the mind`s pleasure. It is worth mentioning that the pleasure of the mind in the given example is described as feeling of a low nature: they are similar to contentment of man (contention), to the feeling of self perfection (superiority to others), gain (for profit), obtaining power, fame that generally refer to the «low» feelings (inferior things). Thus, describing mind from the position of its hedonistic nature, F. Bacon evaluates this knowledge and the mind as not true, implicitly mentioning the features of real knowledge. The mission of this “real” knowledge is to follow the higher goal, rather than pleasure and satisfaction, and to give more benefit and the good to people, that doesn`t presuppose obligatory getting pleasure.

As one can see from the given examples, the syntagmatic relations of the lexeme mind have been analyzed, by means of which the cognitive features of the concept «mind» have been revealed. However, it is necessary to note that besides the analysis of syntagmatic relations of the lexeme, objectifying this or that concept, one of the ways to reveal the features of its inner structure is conducting contextual analysis. The specific feature of the analysis of the concept

«mind» in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon is a high degree of its structuring and its discrete nature, the most number of features (27 %) being determined in the process of analyzing the context rather than syntagmatic relations of the lexeme mind. In the result of contextual analysis the following features of the concept «mind» were revealed:

communication [of mind] with God;

key anthropological notions (things) [of mind];

equivalence to happiness, social character [of mind] (stipulation by experience and history);

finiteness of mind;

its down-to-earth approach, essential nature of mind, its necessity to get help (mind is a phenomenon, needed help), high density of its structure.

The aim of the article was to reveal the features of cognitive structure of the concept «mind» in the process of analysis of syntagmatic relations of the lexeme mind, representing the concept, that explains the concentration mainly on the syntagmatic aspect. It is interesting to note, though, that cognitive structure of the concept «mind» is far more complex and voluminous. To get a full image of it one need to address to the analysis of the context in general.

Thus, the investigation of syntagmatic relations of the lexeme mind, verbalizing intellectual concept «mind» has revealed that mind in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon is a phenomenon that first of all does actions or is exposed to actions. It is also an essential phenomenon characterized by structuredness, pejorative character, subjectivity, etc..

Mind in the philosophical picture of the world is represented as a functional, dynamic, touchable category. It is considered from the position of its application, usefulness for a person. Thus, mind is evaluated and described as unsatisfactorily functioning, subjective essence.

The revealed features, structuring the areas of the intellectual concept «mind» were revealed in the process of linguistic analysis of treatises «The Great Instauration» and «The New Organon», that convincingly prove ideological views of the philosopher. The analysis of the literary and philosophical works of F. Bacon shows that to consider phenomena from the positions of their applied character, benefit for a person was of prime importance for the philosopher. Besides, the philosophy of F. Bacon pays much attention to the sensual perception of reality. Senses for the philosopher exist inseparably from the material objects. It is due to sensual perception that the cognition of material reality is implemented. “Material” and “spiritual” are the two different entities, interacting and “revealing” each other [15, p. 54].

Te linguistic data obtained demonstrate that the eclectic of the sensual and the pragmatic is typical for speculations about the nature of mind: being empiricist F. Bacon considers mind as an

“experimental” item, paying much attention to its sensual nature. Mind in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon is a sensual category, delicately reacting and perceiving the outer phenomena.

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It is known that in his philosophical speculations F. Bacon described the correlation of mind and senses, giving the senses special function. In F. Bacon`s mind it is sense that transmits different kinds of images to the imagination and then gives judgments about them to the mind [15, p. 56].

It is interesting to note that every of the demonstrated groups reveals the special features, composing the areas of far and near periphery of the concept «mind».

The results of the analysis show that intellectual concept «mind» in the philosophical picture of the world of F. Bacon is objectified by a number of linguistic means. The most frequently used lexeme, nominating the concept, is lexeme mind. This lexeme demonstrates syntagmatic relations with a wide range of other linguistic units, nominating different parts of speech: verbs, nouns, pronouns, participles, prepositions, adjectives.

The most frequent in quantitative aspect are the groups of combinations of the lexeme mind with the verbs, that allows to assume that mind in the philosophical picture of the world of F. Bacon is liable to activity, is exposed to actions, can act both as the object and the subject, the nature of which can be described by means of the other objects (subjects) correlating with it.

In most cases the lexeme mind establishes syntagmatic relations with verbal constructions. This characteristics of the verbal explication of the concept «mind» in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon represents mind as the subject of activity, the phenomenon characterized by dynamics and proceeding, activity. Substantive character of mind, its applied character are revealed that is expressed by the ability of mind to move and modify. Mind reveals the features of sensor phenomenon, demonstrating sensual abilities. It is characterizes from the position of pragmatism, as a phenomenon of dualistic nature able to be either useful or useless for a person. Complex and inexplicable nature of mind is shown, verification of the results of its work is conducted, the feature of illusory activity of mind is revealed, that implicitly serves the precondition to its perfection.

The analysis of the syntagmatic relations of the lexeme mind with nouns revealed the following characteristics of mind as a certain object (subject) proper. It is characterized in respect to the following parameters: a) inner structure; b) effectiveness; c) perceptiveness. The complexity, multi-component nature of phenomenon “mind” was identified. Its architectonics is described by physical-and-geometric terminology (depth, strength, form of mind are mentioned). Mind in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon matches a certain architectural parameters (the bridal chamber of the mind). The ability of mind to percept feelings, that is shown by a certain censorics (from the Latin sensus – “perception”) of pleasure (hedonizm). One of the most often features used, revealed on the analysis of syntagmatic relations of the lexeme mind with nouns are connected with evaluation of the functioning of mind. On the one hand, mind in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon is a phenomenon, characterized by a number of disadvantages, such as: ineffectiveness, weakness, vagueness, disadvantages in general (ill complexion). On the other hand mind is characterized as perfect, “pure”, primeval phenomenon, liable to creation and selfrenewal.

Thus, mind in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon is an essence of applied character, physically tangible, having practical application. The experimental approach to the perception and description of mind is reflected in the philosophical works of F. Bacon, as a founder of the English empiricism.

One of the most frequent features obtained in the process of analysis of the syntagmatic relations of the lexeme mind are ineffectiveness, subjective nature of mind and the features characterizing application abilities of mind.

Together with critical views on the nature of mind in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon, mind is a phenomenon of big opportunities which contribute to improvement of life of man. The idea of the necessity of development, improvement of mind is reflected in one of his famous quotations: “The mind of man is an eager thing. It can neither stop, no keep still, but seeks to move forward ” [17, p. 362]. This very idea served the basis for the “grand plan” of F. Bacon,

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urgency and greatness of which makes us appeal to the philosophical works of the outstanding philosopher of the17 century.

Bibliographic list

1.Rogalev A.F. Mir, chelovek, jazyk (opyt filosofii jazyka) / A. F. Rogalev. – Gomel' : Bark, 2010. – 276 s.

2.Popova Z. D. Ocherki po kognitivnoj lingvistike / Z. D. Popova, I. A. Sternin. – 3-e izd., stereotip. – Voronezh : Istoki, 2003a. – 191 s.

3.Psihologija. Psihicheskie processy i sostojanija, URL: http:// www. grandars. ru/ college /psihologiya /intellekt-cheloveka.html (vremja obrashhenija - 31.08.2015).

4.Lavrinenko I. Ju. Specifika verbalizacii konceptov razuma i chuvstva v filosofskom diskurse F. Bjekona: Dissertacija na soiskanie uchenoj stepeni kandidata filologicheskih nauk. M., 2014. – 311 c.

5.Fomina Z.E., Lavrinenko I.Ju. Kognitivnye strategii kak mental'nye determinanty pri jazykovoj obektivacii konceptov razuma i chuvstva v filosofskom diskurse F. Bjekona / Z.E. Fomina // Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo arhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. Ser. Sovremennye lingvisticheskie i metodiko-didakticheskie issledovanija.– 2014. – №1 (21). – S. 23-37.

6.Fomina Z.E., Chechetka V.I. Koncepty «muzhchina» i «zhenshhina» v drevnegermanskoj kartine mira [Tekst]: monografija/Z.E. Fomina; V.I. Chechetka. – Voronezh: VGPU, 2009. – 192 s.

7.Fomina Z.E., Konovalova Ju.S. Koncepty «Molodost'» i «Starost'» v jazykovom soznanii anglichan i amerikancev [Tekst]: monografija/Z.E. Fomina; Ju.S. Konovalova; Voronezhskij GASU. – Voronezh, 2015. – 232 s.

8.Fomina Z.E., Gushhina A.I. Jetnokul'turnaja specifika metaforicheskih obrazov

«Dereva» («Baum») v sovremennoj nemeckoj hudozhestvennoj kartine mira/Z.E. Fomina //

Nauchnyj vestnik Voronezh. gos. arh.-stroit. un-ta. Sovremennye lingvisticheskie i metodikodidakticheskie issledovanija. – 2014. – vyp. 3 (23). – S.60-79.

9.Fomina Z.E. Osobennosti konceptualizacii fenomena «Chislo» v nemeckom jazykovom soznanii (na materiale nemeckih chislovyh frazeologizmov). /Z.E. Fomina // Nauchnyj vestnik Voronezh. gos. arh.-stroit. un-ta. Sovremennye lingvisticheskie i metodiko-didakticheskie issledovanija. – 2013. – vyp. 1 (19). – S.40-56

10.Fomina Z.E. Jemocional'nye koncepty v russkoj, nemeckoj, avstrijskoj i shvejcarskoj hudozhestvennoj kartine mira (kollektivnaja monografija) Lingvokonceptologija: perspektivnye napravlenija " Luganskij nacional'nyj universitet imeni Tarasa Shevchenko, Lugansk, Ukraina, 2013 g. – S. 247-274 (soavtory: A.Je. Levickij, O.P.Vorob'eva, V.K. Shherbin i dr.).

11.Fomina Z.E., Lagutina A.A. Konceptualizacija jekologicheskih konceptov v nemeckom gazetno-publicisticheskom diskurse. IV Mezhdunarodnyj Krymskij lingvisticheskij kongress «Jazyk i mir», Sbornik po materialam kongressa. -1.10.12-5.1012.- S.20-26. Jalta, Krym.

12.Pimenova M. V. Dusha i duh: osobennosti konceptualizacii — Kemerovo, 2004a. 385 s.

13.Krysin L.P. Social'nyj aspekt vladenija jazykom, c. 40, URL: http://mir.zavantag.com/filosofiya/883958/index.html?page=40 (vremja obrashhenija - 31.08.2015).

14.Bjekon F. Velikoe vosstanovlenie nauk / F. Bjekon // Sochinenija : v 2 t. / F. Bjekon. – Moskva, 1971. – T. I. – S. 59–84.

15.Subbotin A. L. F. Bjekon / A. L. Subbotin. – Moskva : Mysl', 1974. – 175 s.

16.Novyj Organon - Bjekon F. Novyj organon / F. Bjekon. // Sochinenija : v 2 t. / F. Bjekon. – Moskva, 1978. – T. 2. – S. 7–214.

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17. Velikie mysli velikih ljudej [sost. Kondrashov A.P., Komarova I.I.]. – Izd.ispr. i dop. – M.:RIPOL klassik, 2009. – 1216 s.

Analyzed sources

1*. Bacon F. The Great Instauration, URL: http://www. constitution. org/bacon /instauration .htm (vremja obrashhenija - 24.03.13).

2**. Bacon F. The New Organon, URL: http: //www .constitution.org / bacon/ nov_org.htm (vremja obrashhenija - 24.03.13).

Dictionaries used

1**. Filosofskij slovar' / pod red. I. T. Frolova. – 7-e izd., pererab. i dop. – Moskva : Respublika, 2001. – 719 s.

2**. Merriam Webster, URL: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mind, vremja obrashhenija – 8.08.2015.

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UDC 801.561.721.2

Karlsruhe University

Karlsruhe Pedagogical Institute, Director of the Institute of the German Language and Literature

Professor Frank Kostrzewa

e-mail: kostrzewa@ph-karlsruhe.de

Frank Kostrzewa

RELATIVE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE IN LINGUISTIC CONTRAST

The following article focuses on relative clauses and their linguistic realizations in German and Korean (as well as Japanese and Chinese in a brief survey). A differentiation is made between restricting and non-restricting relative clauses and their respective semantic and pragmatic functions. On the basis of w-words the realization of relative clauses is described. In this context different realizations in standard language and dialect varieties can be detected. The particular features of Korean and Japanese relative clauses derive from the status of these languages as agglutinating languages following the right-hand head rule. Particularities of the relative sentence structure in Chinese are illustrated on the basis of the specific topic-rhema-progression.

Key words: relative subordinate clause, restricting, non-restricting clauses, the German, the Korean, the Japan, the Chineese, nucleus, determiner, thema-and-rhema segmentation, subordination.

Frank Kostrzewa

Der Relativsatz im Sprachkontrast

Der folgende Beitrag fokussiert auf den Relativsatz und seine linguistischen Realisierungen im Deutschen und im Koreanischen (sowie überblicksartig im Japanischen und Chinesischen). Dabei wird zwischen restriktiven und nicht-restriktiven Relativsätzen und ihren jeweiligen semantischen und pragmatischen Funktionen differenziert. Anhand von w-Wörtern wird die Realisierung relativischer Satzanschlüsse beschrieben. Hierbei können unterschiedliche Realisierungen in Standardsprache und Dialekten festgestellt werden. Im Koreanischen und Japanischen ergeben sich Besonderheiten der Relativsatzbildung aus ihrem Status als agglutinierende Sprachen und aus dem in diesen Sprachen geltenden Kopf-Letzt-Prinzip. Besonderheiten der Relativsatzstruktur im Chinesischen werden anhand der dort geltenden spezifischen Thema-Rhema-Gliederung beschrieben.

Schlüsselwörter: Realtivsatz, restriktive und nicht-restriktive Relativsätze, Deutsch, Koreanisch, Japanisch, Chinesisch, Nucleus (Kern), Bestimmungswort, The- ma-Rhema-Gliederung, Subordination.

1.0Einleitung

Bußmann [1, p. 435] definiert den Relativsatz als einen von einem Hauptsatz abhängigen

Nebensatz, der durch ein Relativpronomen (der, die, das, welcher, welche, welches) oder ein Relativadverb (wo, wenn, da, so) eingeleitet wird.

Ein Relativsatz könne sich dabei auf alle Satzglieder, außer dem Prädikat, oder sogar auf einen ganzen Satz beziehen. In letzterem Fall sei von einem weiterführenden Relativsatz die Rede. Eine Differenzierung zwischen restriktiven und nicht-restriktiven Relativsätzen könne auf der

Basis der jeweiligen semantischen und pragmatischen Funktionen erfolgen. Während ein restrik

___________________

© Kostrzewa F., 2015

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tiver Relativsatz, der immer Teil einer Kennzeichnung sei (defining relative clause), die Menge der möglichen Referenzobjekte des durch den Relativsatz spezifizierten Nomens einschränke („Hier ist das Buch, das du gesucht hast (und kein anderes Buch als dieses)), spezifiziere ein nicht-restriktiver, explikativer Relativsatz (amplifying relative clause) ein Bezugsnomen genauer

(„Napoleon, der bekanntlich aus Korsika stammt, wurde nach Elba verbannt“).

Typisch für restriktive Relativsätze sei die Hervorhebung des Bezugswortes durch ein Demonstrativpronomen (dasjenige Buch, das). In nicht-restriktiven Relativsätzen dagegen sei das Bezugswort häufig ein Eigenname oder ein Personalpronomen. Der attributive Charakter eines nicht-restriktiven Relativsatzes lasse sich durch Zusätze wie bekanntlich oder offenbar unterstreichen.

Nach Hoberg/Hoberg [2, p. 417] gilt für die restriktiven Relativsätze, dass ohne die in solchen Sätzen vorgenommenen Einschränkungen oftmals Sinnveränderungen entstünden. So gelte das Prädikat besonders gut in dem Satz Das Brot, das Florian backt, ist besonders gut ausschließlich für das von Florian gebackene Brot. Ähnliche Restriktionen bestünden auch in folgenden Sätzen:

Jeder, der das 18. Lebensjahr vollendet hat, kann teilnehmen. Artikel, die im Preis herabgesetzt sind, werden nicht umgetauscht.

Es gibt immer noch einige, die das nicht einsehen wollen: Hunde, die bellen, beißen nicht. Hoberg/Hoberg [2, p. 417].

Bei den Informationen in nicht-restriktiven Relativsätzen handele es sich hingegen lediglich um zusätzliche Erläuterungen. Die Aussage eines Hauptsatzes sei mit oder ohne (nichtrestriktiven) Relativsatz die gleiche:

Meine Eltern, die jetzt in Frankfurt wohnen, kommen uns am Wochenende besuchen. Simon, der sonst nie krank ist, musste plötzlich operiert werden. Hoberg/Hoberg [2, p. 417].

Hoberg/Hoberg [2, p. 416] fügen hinzu, dass das Relativpronomen von seinem Bezugsnomen das Genus und den Numerus übernehme. Der Kasus eines Relativpronomens richte sich nach der Funktion, die ein Relativpronomen in einem Relativsatz besitze.

Ich kenne den Mann nicht, der dort steht. → Subjekt

Ich kenne den Mann nicht, dem Anja gerade zulächelt. → Dativergänzung Ich kenne den Mann nicht, den du mir gezeigt hast. → Akkusativergänzung

Ich kenne den Mann nicht, mit dem Stefan spricht. → präpositionale Ergänzung. Hoberg/Hoberg [2, p. 416].

In weiterführenden Relativsätzen, die sich nicht auf eine Nominaloder Pronominalphrase, sondern auf den Satz bezögen, an den sie angeschlossen sind, bestimme der Relativsatz nicht etwa einen Gegenstand näher, sondern diene zum Ausdruck eines neuen Sachverhalts. Weiterführende Sätze dieses Typs könnten jedoch nur dann relativisch angeschlossen werden, wenn die Eigenständigkeit des Nebensatzes durch Wörter wie aber, jedoch, dann, auch markiert werde.

Er machte noch einen Versuch, der aber restlos scheiterte.

Es wurden schon viele Waffenruhen vereinbart, die jedoch nicht hielten.

Sie suchte überall nach ihrem Freund, den sie dann auch endlich fand.

Hoberg/Hoberg [2, p. 417].

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Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Hoberg/Hoberg [2, p. 418] betonen, dass neben sogenannten w-Wörtern wie was, wie, wofür oder woran, insbesondere auch in Dialekten, durch wo ein Relativanschluss hergestellt werden könne. Auf diese Art und Weise werde ein Bezug zu Personen oder Gegenständen konstituiert, der standardsprachlich jedoch im Allgemeinen als inkorrekt gelte.

Die Kinder, wo noch nicht zur Schule gehen

Die Kinder,die noch nicht zur Schule gehen

Das Geld, wo auf der Bank liegt

Das Geld, das auf der Bank liegt. Hoberg/Hoberg [2, p. 418].

Fleischer [3] kam im Rahmen einer typologisierenden und vergleichenden Studie zu Relativsätzen in den Dialekten des Deutschen zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Frequenz von Relativsätzen in dialektalen Korpora insgesamt gering ist. In einer Untersuchung bayerischer Dialekte in Österreich bezifferte Patocka [4, p. 303] die Häufigkeit attributiver Nebensätze, von denen die Relativsätze eine Teilmenge darstellen, auf lediglich 8%.

2.0Der Relativsatz im Koreanischen.

Nach Kim-Renaud [5, p. 200] kann ein Nomen, statt durch ein Wort oder eine Phrase, auch durch einen ganzen Satz modifiziert werden. Dient ein Satz der Modifikation, ist von einer Relativierung die Rede und in dem Fall der Modifikation eines Nomens in einer Nominalphrase durch einen Satz von einem Relativsatz. Dabei folgt der Relativsatz im Allgemeinen dem zu modifizierenden Nomen.

In der erweiterten Nominalphrase (a woman who dances) werde die Nominalphrase (a woman) von einem Satz modifiziert. Dieser habe die folgende Struktur:

[[a woman]NPi [[a woman]]NPi dances]S]NP. Kim-Renaud [5, p. 200]

Der eingebettete Satz (a woman dances) beschreibe das Nomen (woman) genauer und folge diesem. Das wiederholte Nomen (a woman) werde durch das Relativpronomen who ersetzt.

Insgesamt entspreche der Prozess der Relativierung im Koreanischen weitgehend dem im Englischen.

Der koreanische Satz - ([[ch’umch’-nun]S [yoja]NP]NP) korrespondiere mit dem englischen Satz A woman who dances. Das Wort (yoja) werde durch den eingebetteten Satz spezifiziert. Analog der Struktur im Englischen werde das identische Nomen in dem modifizierenden Satz getilgt. Dennoch existierten einige entscheidende Unterschiede zwischen der Relativierung im Koreanischen und im Englischen. Die zu modifizierende Nominalphrase -- - ([[yoja]NPi - ka ch’umch’u-n-ta]S [yoja]NPi]NP) werde einer Relativierung unterworfen, die in einen Satz mit Satzmodifikation münde ( - ([[ch’umch’-nun]S [yoja]NP]NP)).

Im Falle der Einfügung einer Satzmodifikation in eine Nominalphrase werde das Nomen, entsprechend dem Kopf-Letzt-Prinzip im Koreanischen, nach dem modifizierenden Satz (Relativsatz) platziert.

Kim [5, p. 201] betont, dass bei der Übersetzung englischer Adjektive ins Koreanische, aufgrund des Fehlens echter Adjektive im Koreanischen, häufig auf Satzmodifikationen zurückgegriffen werde. So würde der englische Satz a good woman im Koreanischen mit der Struktur a woman who is good (ch’akhan yoja: ) wiedergegeben.

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Weitere Nominalphrasen, die eine Satzmodifikation erfahren, sind, differenziert nach Verbarten und Tempora, die folgenden:

Action verbs: Present: -nun

mok-nun ( - ): N that X eats Past:

-un

mok-un ( ): N that X ate Retrospective:

-ton

mok-ton ( - ): N that X used to eat Future:

-ul

mok-ul ( - ): N that X will eat Stative verbs:

Present: -un

nop-un ( - ): N that is high Past:

non-existent Retrospective:

nop-ton ( - ): N that used to be high

Future: -ul

ttokttokhal ( ): N that will be smart

Kim-Renaud [5, p. 202].

Die existentiellen Verben sein (“iss-ta” ( - )) und nicht-sein (“ops-ta” ( - )), und zunehmend auch die honorative Form von sein (“kyesi-ta” ( - )), werden, obwohl es sich um statische Verben handelt, durch die Endung -nun modifiziert. Werden statische Verben mit einer

Präteritumsendung modifiziert, so ist in der Regel eine Kombination mit dem Retrospektivmarker -to ( ) erforderlich.

Die Vorgehensweise bei der Modifikation der koreanischen Nominalphrasen kann anhand der folgenden Beispiele illustriert werden:

pappun saram → “a busy person”: pappu-ta - (be busy); saram (person)

oje pon yonghwa → the movie I saw yesterday”: oje (yesterday); po-ta- (see); yonghwa (movie)

naega taninun hakkyo → “the school I attend”: nae-ka - (I- subject); tani-ta - (attend); hakkyo (school)

naeil mogul pap → “the rice/food I will eat tomorrow”: naeil (tomorrow); mok-ta - (eat); pap (cooked rice/food)

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