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Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

predicates as t h e l o c u s :

to raw: scyldo um sæ sigla (Am. 3) “Must swim by the sea”*; á sió róa (Háv. 82) “In

(good) weather they row in the sea”*; predicates as d i r e c t i o n , a i m s :

to come, to go: til sævar kømr, // örn (Háv. 62) “An eagle // flies to the sea”; koma meyiar … // … ór þeim sæ (Vsp. 20) “maids come … /… from the lake”*; Guðrún gecc þá til sævar (Am. 105 prose 1-2) “Gudrun then went to the sea”; Guðrún … gecc út á sæinn (Am. 105 prose 1-2) “Gudrun went into the sea”;

predicates as t o o l s :

to strengthen: sæs toslupan, eal sealt wæter (2, 62) þat var um aukit … // svalköldom sæ (Gðr. II 21; similar to Hdl. 38) “It (the drink) was strengthened // by cool-and-cold sea”*;

b) In the Old German plots there is used: Old English sæ ‘sea‘:

Singular, the Genetiv Case: ðas [seo wyrt] onsænde seolh ofer sæs hrygc (2, 28) “it

[herb] was sent by the seal across the sea waves”; motan ealle weoda nu wyrtum aspringan, / sæs toslupan, eal sealt wæter (2, 61-62) “”all the weeds should be replaced by herbs / separate the sea, all the salty water”;

predicates as t h e o b j e c t :

to separate: sæs toslupan, eal sealt wæter (2, 62) “to separate the sea, all the salty water”; hyponymy: Old English wæter – hyperon, sæ – hyponymy;

metaphor: sæs hrygc “the sea waves” – waves;

commentary: in the paradigm of the sea (Old Icelandic sær – ‘море’ , Old English sæ) singular the Genetiv Case dominates ((2, 28; 62) and 5 words usages in the “Elder Edda”) along with the singular Nominative Case (5 examples in Edda); judging by the Edda`s data the most frequent function is the function of the subject8; it appears in the ritual (Cf.: description of the magic drink, “strengthened by the power of the earth, the sea and the blood of a sacrificial wild boar” in the Gðr. II 21 and Hdl. 38, or an Old English motive of the sea opening under the influence of the incantation).

§4

a) In the “Elder Edda” there is used:

Old Icelandic vágr ‘sea:

Singular the Accusative Case: kalla vág vanir (Alv. 24) “Vans call it the sea”; at vaða um váginn (Hrbl. 13; 47) “to ford the bay”; karl … kallar um váginn? (Hrbl. 2) “a man calls at the strait?”; á vág róa (Hym. 17) “to raw in the sea”; vindr … ferr vág yfir (Vm. 36) “the wind blows over the sea”*; um váginn feria (Hrbl. 55) “to transport across the strait”*; singular, the Dative Case: vaxanda vági … trúi engi maðr (Háv. 85) “nobody believes the growing wave”; vind ec kyrri vági á (Háv. 154) “I will calm the wind on the sea”;

attributes

growing: vaxanda vági … trúi engi maðr (Háv. 85) “nobody believes the growing wave”; predicates as t h e o b j e c t :

to believe: vaxanda vági … trúi engi maðr (Háv. 85) “nobody believes the growing wave”;

to call: kalla vág vanir (Alv. 24) “Vans call it the sea”;

to transport: um váginn feria (Hrbl. 55) “if you don`t want to transport me across the sea”*;

to ford: at vaða um váginn (Hrbl. 13; 47) “to ford the straight”. predicates as t h e l o c u s :

to raw: á vág róa (Hym. 17) “to raw in the sea”;

8 Only the Old English example does not allow us to make any conclusions.

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Series «Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches» Issue № 3 (10), 2015

to move: hvaðan vindr um kømr, svá at ferr vág yfir (Vm. 36) “from where the wind comes that blows over the sea”*;

co call: karl … kallar um váginn? (Hrbl. 2) “does the man call the sea?”;

to play: þau á vági vindr of léc (Gðr. I 7) “the wind played with them on the sea”; to calm: : vind ec kyrri vági á (Háv. 154) “I will calm the wind on the sea”; synonyms:

sea – wave: þau á vági vindr of léc, // barði bára við borðþili (Gðr. I 7) “the wind played with them on the sea, // the wave beat on the board of the ship”*;

sea-sea: vind ec kyrri vági á // oc svæfic allan sæ (Háv. 154) “I will calm the wind on the sea // and put all the sea to sleep”*;

b) In Old German plots there is used: Old-High-German wāgi-dor ‘gates of the sea’:

Singular, the Nominative Case: offin sī dir sigidor, sami sī dir selgidor, / bislozin sī dir diz wāgidor, sami sī dir diz wāfindor (WR) “Let the victory gates be opened for you, as well as the gatees of protection / let the gate of the abyss be closed before you, as well as the gates of weapons”;

predicates as t h e s u b j e c t :

to close: bislozin sī dir diz wāgidor, sami sī dir diz wāfindor (WR) “let the gates of the abyss be closed before you, as well as the gates of weapons”;

synonyms:

sea-weapon: bislozin sī dir diz wāgidor, sami sī dir diz wāfindor (WR) “let the gates of the abyss be closed before you, as well as the gates of weapons”;

antonyms:

sea-victory, protection: offin sī dir sigidor, sami sī dir selgidor, / bislozin sī dir diz wāgidor, sami sī dir diz wāfindor (WR) “Let the gates of the victory be opened for you, as well as the gates of protection / let the gates of the abyss be closed for you, as well as the gates of weapons”;

commentary: sea (Old Icelandic vágr ‘sea’, Old-High German wāgi-) proves to be uninformative because in the Old-High-German plots it appears only as the first component of the composite; the eddic and plot material combines only the motive of distrust to the sea (Cf.: Háv. 85 and “the sea gates” hostile for a traveler in (WR)).

§ 5

a) In the “Elder Edda” there is used:

Old Icelandic vаtn ‘water’:

Singular the Nominative Case: Þar er vatn, er heitir Úlfsiár (Vkv. prose 5-6) “There is a lake there, it is called the Wolf Lake”; Singular, the Genitive Case: Vatz er þörf, þeim er til verðar kømr (Háv. 4) “Water is necessary to the person who comes to the dining table”*; hann screið til vatz (Fm. prose 4). “he crawled to the water”; Singular, the Accusative Case: oc tóc í sundr lagðinn sem vatniþ (Rm. 14 prose 5-6) “and the sword cut flakes like water”; gerðit vatn vægia (Am. 26) “you give in to water”; Singular the Dative Case: þegn ungan // verpa vatni á (Háv. 158) “In the water // throw the baby”; eiðar … // þeir er Helga hafðir unna, // at ino liósa Leiptrar vatni (HH. II 31) “the oaths // that you once gave to Helga // on the light moisture of Leyfra”*; á vatni borgit er lofðungs flota (HHv. 29) “The prince`s (knyaz) boats were saved in the sea”; ec scylda í vatni vaða (Rm. 2) “I have to wade through the water”; í vatni þú drucnar (Fm. 11) “you will drawn in the water”; í veltanda vatni lýsaz valbaugar (Akv. 27) “valsky rings sparkle in the seething water”; Ióð ól Edda, ióso vatni (Rþ. 7; is similar to 21; 34) “greatgrandmother gave birth to a son, besprinkled him with water”; Plural the Nominative Case:

þaðan eigo vötn öll vega (Grm. 26) “From the all the rivers have their sources”; heilog vötn hlóa

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Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

(Grm. 29) “holy waters boil”; hnigo heilog vötn af Himinfiöllom (HH. I 1) “holy waters fell from the Heavenly Mountains”*;

Attributes:

seething: í veltanda vatni lýsaz valbaugar (Akv. 27) “Valsy rings sparkle in the seething water”;

all: þaðan eigo vötn öll vega (Grm. 26) “From there all the rivers have their sources”; light: eiðar … // þeir er Helga hafðir unna, // at ino liósa Leiptrar vatni (HH. II 31) “oaths,

… // that you once gave to Helga // on the light moisture of Leyfra”*;

holy: heilog vötn hlóa (Grm. 29) “holy waters boil”; hnigo heilog vötn af Himinfiöllom (HH. I 1) “holy waters fell from the Heavenly Mountains”*;

predicates as t h e s u b j e c t :

to be: Þar er vatn, er heitir Úlfsiár (Vkv. prose 5-6) “There is a lake there, it is called the

Wilf Lake”; Singular the Genitive Case: Vatz er þörf, þeim er til verðar kømr (Háv. 4) “Water is necessary to a person who comes to the dining-table”*;

to have: þaðan eigo vötn öll vega (Grm. 26) “all the rivers have their sources from there”; to boil: heilog vötn hlóa (Grm. 29) “Holy waters boil”;

to call: Þar er vatn, er heitir Úlfsiár (Vkv. prose 5-6) “There is a lake there, it is called the Wolf Lake”;

to fall: hnigo heilog vötn af Himinfiöllom (HH. I 1) “Holy waters fell from the Heavenly

Mountains”*;

predicates as t h e o b j e c t :

to give: eiðar … // þeir er Helga hafðir unna, // at ino liósa Leiptrar vatni (HH. II 31) “the oaths, … // that you once gave to Helga, // on the light moisture of Leyfra”*;

to give in: gerðit vatn vægia (Am. 26) “you give in to the water”;

to cut: oc tóc í sundr lagðinn sem vatniþ (Rm. 14 проз. 5-6) “and the sward cut the flakes like the water”;

predicates as t h e l o c u s :

to ford: ec scylda í vatni vaða (Rm. 2) “I have to swim in the water”;

to sparkle: í veltanda vatni lýsaz valbaugar (Akv. 27) “Valsky` rings sparkle in the seething water”;

to save: á vatni borgit er lofðungs flota (HHv. 29) “The prince`s boats were saved in the

sea”;

to drawn: í vatni þú drucnar (Fm. 11) “You will drawn in the water”; predicates as d i r e c t i o n s , goals ( a i m s ) :

to throw: þegn ungan // verpa vatni á (Háv. 158) “a baby into the water // to throw”; to crawl: hann screið til vatz (Fm. проз. 4) “he crawled to the water”;

predicates as t o o l s :

to besprinkle: ól Edda, ióso vatni (Rþ. 7; similar to 21; 34) “The great-grandmother gave birth to a son, besprinkled him with water”;

b)Old-High German water,

Old English wæter ‘water’9: Singular, the Nominative Case: weorne alswa weter on amber (12, 10) “dry up as the water in the bucket”;

9 It is necessary to separately consider the examples from the description of the prosaic part of the ritual. Here are thede data: Singular the Genitive Case: hlade þonne mid þære ylcan hand þæs wæteres muð fulne and forswelge (6, 24; prose) “will take some water by the same hand and swallow it”; Singular, the Accusative Case: and do þonne halig wæter ðær on (1, 9; 7, 7; prose) “and make (=pour) hole water on them”; Nim þonne þæt seax, ado on wætan (4, 29) “Then take the blade and put it into the water”; Singular the Dative Case: and meolce mid halig wætere (1, 73-74; prose) “and knead it with milk and holy water”; Wyrc slypan of wætere and of axsan (2, 67; prose) “Make mud from water and ash”; gange to yrnendum wætere (6, 24; prose) “will come to the running water”;

attribute: holy: and do þonne halig wæter ðær on (1, 9; 7, 7; prose) “and make (pour) holy water on them”; and meolce mid halig wætere (1, 73-74; prose) “and knead it with milk and holy water”; predicates as t h e s u b j e c t :

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Singular, the Accusative Case: circende wæter simble gehælede / wið eallum feondum (11,

36-37) “let him always save the spinning water/from all the enemies”; motan ealle weoda nu wyrtum aspringan, / sæs toslupan, eal sealt wæter (2, 61-62) “all the weeds must give their way to the grass / to separate the sea, all the salty water”; Singular, the Dative Case: flōt aftar themo uuatare (NS) “The fish swam in the water”;

Old English: wæter-geblæd ‘water blister’: Nu magon þas VIIII wyrta … / wið wyrmgeblæd, wið wætergeblæd (2, 45-52) “Now these nine kinds of grass are strong against …/ the blister from the snake, against the blister from the water”;

Old-English: wæter-ælf-adl ‘water elf disease’: mon biþ on wæterælfadle (7, 1; prose) “If a man suffers from the sickness of the water elf”;

attribute:

salty: sæs toslupan, eal sealt wæter (2, 62) “to separate the sea; all the salty water”; predicates as t h e s u b j e c t :

to circle: (to spin, to whirl):

circling (spinning) water (11,36) “spinning water”;

to dry up: weorne alswa weter on amber (12, 10) “dry up as water in the bucket”; predicates as t h e o b j e c t :

to save: circende wæter simble gehælede / wið eallum feondum (11, 36-37) “let him always save the spinning water / from all the elements”;

predicates as t h e l o c u s :

to swim: Visc flōt aftar themo uuatare (NS) “Fish swam in the water”;

commentary: water (Old-Icelandic vatn 'water'; Old-High German water, Old-English wæter 'water') is mainly treated as t h e s u b j e c t , is distinguished by ambiguity: cf.: association with the idea of the sacred that is realized by the common attribute sacred, embodying the main values of mythopoetic model of the world, on the one hand, and nomination of negative phenomena, against which the plots are directed, on the other hand, (Old English wæter-geblæd ‘water blister’, wæter-ælf-adl ‘elf water sickness’); the motive of movement is actualized (cf.: í veltanda vatni (Akv. 27) “in the seething water”; circende wæter (11, 36) “circulating water”).

Based on the linguistic data, fixed in the Old-High-German and Old English metric plots we way make some conclusions concerning the principles of the functions of the lexemes interesting for us.

In Old-German metric plots the semantic group of designations of water is formed by the lexemes river (Old-High German aha; Old English ea; Old-High German fluoz), sea (Old English sæ; Old-High German wāgi-; the first element of the composite), water (Old-High German water; Old English wæter 'water'). Water is a hyperonim – Old-English wæter, cf.: sæs toslupan, eal sealt wæter (2, 62) “to separate the sea, all the salty water”; all the other nominations of water are hyponyms. In spite of a few names of water attention should be paid to the synonyms, cf. two lexemes with the meaning river (Old-High German aha; Old English ea; Old-High German fluoz) and two lexemes with the meaning sea (Old English sæ; Old-High German wāgi-). As far as the text grammar is concerned, the most frequent is Singular the Nominative Case (5 examples: Old-High German aha, fluoz, wāgi-; Old English ea, weter), Singular the Genitive Case is

to flow: gange to yrnendum wætere (6, 24; prose) “will come to the running water”; predicated as t h e o b j e c t : to take: hlade þonne mid þære ylcan hand þæs wæteres muð fulne and forswelge (6, 24; prose) “will take some water by the same hand and swallow it”; to swallow: hlade þonne mid þære ylcan hand þæs wæteres muð fulne and forswelge (6, 24; prose) “will take some water by the same hand and swallow it”; to do (make): and do þonne halig wæter ðær on (1, 9; 7, 7; prose) “and make (pour) holy water from them”; Nim þonne þæt seax, ado on wætan (4, 29) “Then take the blade an make = put it into the water”; Wyrc slypan of wætere and of axsan (2, 67; prose) “make mud of water and ash”; predicates a s d i r e c t i o n s , a i m s : to go: gange to yrnendum wætere (6, 24; prose) “will come up to the running water”; predicates as a t o o l : to knead with milk: and meolce mid halig wætere (1, 73-74; prose) “and knead it with milk and holy water”.

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Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

somewhat less in the number of word usage (Old English sæ (two examples 10), in composition of one and the same plot as well as Singular the Accusative Case (wæter (2, 62;11, 36)), and Singular the Dative Case (aftar themo uuatare (NS))). In the text being investigates there are only two a t t r i b u t e s of water – salty and holy, in this case the second attribute occurs exclusively in the prosaic description of the ritual. From the syntactic function point of view there dominates the s u b j e c t , realized by the verbs to flow, to spin (to circle), to stop that is the idea of dynamics-statics typical for the water element, is embodied, and also the verb to close (i.e. to be inaccessible), is a characteristic “plot” predicate, directed to the protection of the addressee or it may be an isofunctional oxymoron to the verb to dry up11; predicates presented in other syntactic functions are distributed to analogous categories – characteristics of the object in the water (to swim in water) or dictated by the corresponding action genre (to save (= to cure) water (11, 36)). In the axiological aspect two strata are singled out: an earlier designation of water as n e g a t i v e beginning (cf.: the names of water sicknesses: Old English wæter-geblæd ‘water blister’ wæter- ælf-adl ‘water-elf sickness’) and later as p o s i t i v e value connected with the church theme and arisen under the influence of Christianity (to baptize in water, holy water). Reflexes of archaic interpretation are kept in negative connotations of water, cf.: weapons as the synonym to sea and its antonym victory and protection (WR).

In spite of deferent number of relativity little Old-German metric plots and powerful volume of the “Elder Edda” surprising regularities are revealed. A great similarity is spread upon a number of phenomena such as:

singling out the peak - h y p e r o n y m of all the names of water (Old-Icelandic vatn ‘water’; Old English wæter);

a considerably essential (practically total) predominance of the forms of Singular as compared to Plural;

dominant syntactic function is realized by the predicates for the designation of water as the s u b j e c t ;

common word combination holy water: Old Icelandic heilаgr vаtn, Old English halig

wæter;

mythologem “fish in water” (Grm. 21; NS) encodes the World dragon, named as fish12, rushing about in the river surrounding the cosmic space – Valhalla; and threatening the standard world order or an analogous negative person; it contains allusions for the subject of the “main myth” about the struggle of the Thunder with his enemy.

in different hypostates the image of water is ambiguously perceived both by the bearer of eddic tradition and by the bearer of Old-High-German and Old English plot tradition, cf. negative connotations of water as an element hostile to man, alien to him, being a threat to him.

Differences are not of fundamental character, they are connected with carious sources for

forming a p o s i t i v e image of water, relating to quite new stages of thinking: if in the eddic world model improving the water image is influenced by its role in the cosmogenesis, in particular, the interpretation of water as the prime material in the cosmaugonic myth and creative substance, from which the first man Imir was made; in the plots the analogous role was played by the Christian ideology that “sanctified” water.

Typological comparison, based on the semantic universalias in the epos, relating to different areas, deepens the research perspectives. It was stated that “some of the revealed similarities may be explained, in the long run, by the common origin, … the other ones are explained by similar development ways, giving parallel result” [15, p. 413].

10One example of the construction with the noun sæs hrygc “high sea waves”.

11Wet water must dry up, i.e. become its exact opposite, lose its destroying force.

12Cf.: about the world dragon: Søcþiz síðan sá fiscr í mar (Hym. 24) “This fish again sank in the sea”*.

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Bibliographic list

1.Gvozdeckaja N.Ju. Jazyk i stil' drevneanglijskoj pojezii. Problemy pojeticheskoj nominacii. Uchebnoe posobie. Ivanovo, 1995.

2.Smirnickaja O.A. Stih i jazyk drevnegermanskoj pojezii. M., 1994.

3.Gvozdeckaja N.Ju. Prolegomeny k tekstocentricheskomu opisaniju semantiki drevneanglijskogo pojeticheskogo slova // Philologica Scandinavica. Cbornik statej k 100-letiju so dnja rozhdenija M.I. Steblin-Kamenskogo. SPb., 2003, 28-42.

4.Elizarenkova T.Ja. Slova i veshhi v Rigvede. M., «Vostochnaja literatura», 1999.

5.Smirnickaja O.A. Sinonimicheskie sistemy v «Beovul'fe» // Vesti MGU. Ser. 9, Filologija. M., 1980, № 2.

6.Smirnickaja O.A. O mnogoznachnosti jepicheskogo teksta (Vvodnye zamechanija).

Kommentarij k “Grenlandskoj pesni ob Atli” // Jepos Severnoj Evropy. Puti jevoljucii. M., 1989, 158–175.

7.Pimenova N.B. Selekcija i kombinacija sinonimov «morja» v «Beovul'fe» // Slovo v kontekste literaturnoj jevoljucii: zagovor, jepos, lirika. M., 1990, s. 56-65.

8.Nikitina S.E. O mnogoznachnosti, diffuzii znachenij i sinonimii v tezauruse jazyka fol'klora // Oblik slova. Sbornik statej pamjati Dmitrija Nikolaevicha Shmeleva. M., 1997, 360373.

9.Nikitina S.E. Chelovek i socium v narodnyh konfessional'nyh tekstah (leksi-ko- graficheskij aspekt). M., 2009.

10.Nikitina S.E., Kukushkina E.Ju. Dom v svadebnyh prichitanijah i duhovnyh stihah (opyt tezaurusnogo opisanija). M., 2000.

11.Fol'klornaja leksikografija. Otv. red. A.T. Hrolenko, d. f. n., prof. Vypusk 1. Kursk,

1994.

12.Toporova T. V. Jepicheskoe slovo: oboznachenija flory v «Starshej Jedde». - M.:

«Tezaurus», 2009. - 437 c.

13.Toporova T.V. Jepicheskoe slovo: oboznachenija zemli i neba v «Starshej Jedde». - M.: «Tezaurus», 2011. - 315 s.

14.Toporova T.V. Jazyk i stil' drevnegermanskih zagovorov. - M., Jeditorial URSS, 1996.

–215 c.

15.Toporov V.N. Zametki po rekonstrukcii tekstov // Toporov V.N. Issledovanija po jetimologii i semantike. T. 1. Teorija i nekotorye chastnye ejo prilozhenija. M., «Jazyki slavjanskoj kul'tury», 2004, 415-450.

Analyzed sources

1* Edda. Die Lieder des Codex Regius nebst verwandten Denkmälern. / Hrsg. Von Gustav

Neckel. I. Text. Vierte, umgearbeitete Auflage von Hans Kuhn. - Heidelberg, 1962.

2* Starshaja Jedda. Drevneislandskie pesni o bogah i gerojah. / Perevod A.I. Korsuna. Redakcija, vstupitel'naja stat'ja i kommentarii M.I. Steblin-Kamenskogo. - M.-L., 1963.

3* The Anglo-Saxon minor poems. Ed. By E. van K. Dobbie. N.-Y., 1942.

4* Schauffler Th. Althochdeutsche Literatur mit Grammatik, Übersetzung und Erläuterungen. Brl., Lpz., 1917.

Abbreviations

The names of the dongs of the “Elder Edda”

Akv. - Atlaqviða in grœnlenzca “The Greenland`s song about Atla”. Alv. – Alvíssmál “The speeches of Alviss”.

Am. - Atlamál in grœnlenzco “The Greenland`s speeches of Atle”. 19

Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Fm. – Fáfnismál “The speeches of Fafnis”. Grm. - Grímnismál “The speeches of Grimnis”.

Gðr. I - Guðrúnarqviða I “The first song about Gudrun”.

Gðr. II - Guðrúnarqviða önnor “The second song about Gudrun”. Háv. – Hávamál “The Speeches of Háva”.

Hdl. - Hyndlolióð - "The song about Hyndlo".

HH. I - Helgaqviða Hundingsbana in fyrri «The first song about Helga, the killer of Hunding».

HH. II - Helgaqviða Hundingsbana önnor «The song about Helga, Hiorvard`s son». HHv. - Helgaqviða Hiorvarðzsonar «The song about Helga, Hiorvard`s son».

Hild. – Hildebrands sterbelied «The song about Hildebrand`s death». Hrbl. – Hárbarðzljόð «The song about Hárbard».

Hym. – Hymisqviða « The song about Hymis». Rm. - Reginsmál “The speeches of Regina”. Rþ. – Rígsþula «The song about Riga».

Vkv. – Völundarqviða «The song about Völund». Vm. - Vafþrúðnismál “The speeches of Vafprúdnis”. Vsp. – Völuspá “The prophecy of Völus”.

The names of old English plots

1 - For unfruitful land «Incantations for unfruitful land».

2 – The nine herbs charm «Incantations for the nine herbs». 4 – For a sudden stitch «Incantations for a sudden stitch». 6 – For delayed birth «Incantations for delayed birth».

7 – For the water-elf disease «Incantations for the “water-elf disease”». 11 – A journey charm «Incantations for a journey».

12 - Against a wen «Incantations against a wen».

The names of Old-High-German plots

BBa – Bamberger Blutsegen «Bamberger blood incantation».

MB – Der Milstätter Blutsegen «Milstatt blood incantation».

NS – Niederdeutscher Spruch «Low-German incantation».

WR – Der Weingartner Reisesegen «Weingarten Journey incantation».

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UDC 800:16

Voronezh State University

of Architecture and Civil Engineering,

Doctor in Philology,

Professor, Head of the Foreign

Languages Department

Zinaida Yevgenjevna Fomina

e-mail: FominaSinaida@gmail.com

Z.Ye. Fomina

PROLEGOMENS OF “THE GAY SCIENCE” ("THE JOYFUL SCIENCE") BY

FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE AND THE SPECIFIC NATURE OF THEIR

METAPHORICAL CATEGORIZATION

The article considered basic cognitive-and-gnoseological essences (philosopher, philosophy, intellect, thought, life, cognition, the notion “Joyful science” intself) as the limiting notions, relevant for the work by Friedrich Nietzsche of the same name and appearing in the dialectical correlation with the phenomenon “Joyful”. Metaphorical images of the dominant philosophical realias are defined. A methodological algorithm of their creation is analysed. The quantitative peculiarities of their onthological structure (polymethaphors, nomonethaphors, seconduary, tertiary and other types of metaphors) are determined. Dominant determining schemes, forming the cognitive basis of Nietzsche`s metaphor, are described. An epistomologucal function of metaphors is

singled out, etc. The conclusion is made that the main prolegomens of Joyful science differ in their specific nature of metaphorical categorization, realized in the contini of man, space, time, artefacts and so on. Among the logical unities verbally reflecting the cognitive process of creating metaphors there dominate: definition, deduction, description and characteristics. The basis of Nietzsche`s metaphors formation is the principles of the logical disjunction, ways of negation and assertion, transformations of the quotient into general, the multitude into the isolated one and others.

Key words: Nietzsche, Joyful science, philosophy, intellect, life, cognition, logical unities, language resources, definition, characteristics, polymetaphor, monometaphor, structure, tertiary, septuary type of metaphors.

The thesis of metaphors significance and the necessity of their complex and systematic study is axiomatic. There is a great number of words devoted to researches of different approaches to analyzing metaphors, their typology, structure, signs, etc., that are based on the material of different languages and cultures, in the continuum of various discourses and so on. At the same time, as the review of the native and foreign publications concerning this theme shows metaphors problems, analyzed on the basic of philosophical texts, are not often the focus of the research. In this sense of special interest is the philosophical discourse of Friedrich Nietzsche, for which a high degree of metaphoricity is relevant. There is singled out a number of the particular reasons having caused a conceptual and linguistic distinctive quality of Nietzsche’s philosophical texts in Nietzsche’s philosophical works. Firstly, the philosophical texts of the German thinker differ in an unbelievable richness and diversity of linguistic resources that up to now have not yet become the subject for linguistic examinations. Secondly, Nietzsche himself, as a representative of classical philology, paid a great attention to the theory

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© Fomina Z.Ye., 2015

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Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

of metaphors, to studying the metaphor essence, its types their formation strategies and considered metaphor as a cognitive essence [1]. Thirdly, the high degree of the original metaphoricity of Nietzsche is determined by the specific nature of the world vision and world perception by the German philosopher and also by his personal understanding the metaphor essence, its correlations with notions and so on. So, based on the understanding of language as a constituting, inspiring, poetic force, being esthetics foundation of cognition, Nietzsche believed that for this reason the man’s motive to create metaphors is ineradicable [1]. As N.D. Arutjunova rightly stresses, a man looks for new possibilities of his realization and finds them in myth and art. The man breaks “a large building of notions”… He proves that he is led by his intuition and not by the notions” [2]. Notion is, in Nietzsche’s opinion a metaphor derivative.

Nietzsche’s postulate that the basic of knowledge is a man, and not being is of interest in the discussion on the metaphorisity of the philosophical works by Nietzsche. Answering the question “what is truth?”, Nietzsche writes: “This is a moving army of metaphors, metonymy, anthropomorphisms – in shorts, the sum of man’s relations, that after the long use seem to us to be fixed, canonical and limited ‘[1].

Fourthly, the necessity of studying the philosophical discourse of Nietzsche is defined by its aphoristic character that is very closely connected with the problems of the metaphorical knowledge submission.

Nietzsche’s philosophical works are mainly considered from the views of the philosophical science, from the point of view of art, aesthetics [3], ethics [4], culture [5], psychology [6], etc.

Only some works are noted where a metaphor is regarded in the semantic space of the philosophical texts of Fr. Nietzsche [7, 8]. (Cf. also: course: the philosophical theory of metaphor - metaphor in the history of philosophy //http://www.madrace.ru/filosofiya-metafori/kurs- filosofskaya-teoriya-metafori/metafora-v-istorii-filosofii).

In the context of the above said it seems to us valid and expedient to address the philosophical discourse of Nietzsche, including the aspect of modern linguistic and linguistic-and-cultural trends and, first of all, the perspective of studying the specific nature of linguistic metaphorisation of the main philosophical maxima and essences considered by the German philosopher.

It is important to take into account that Nietzsche, reviewing and interpreting all the prolegomens established in philosophy considered himself to be reformer, a pioneer of new ideas, a precursor of new philosophy, that inevitable found its reflection in his linguistic reflexes, metaphors and aphorisms. The process of the philosophical recomprehention of the set stereotypes, definitions and interpretations is traces in full and relief in Nietzsche’s works. ‘Humane, too much humane. A book for free minds’ («Menschliches, Allzumenschliches: Ein Buch für freie Geister») (1878), and also in the book ‘Joyful science’ («Die fröhliche Wissenschaft»,

1881-1882) that become the theme for our research.

The scientists assume that the idea of the “Joyful science” came to the philosopher after his becoming acquainted with the works by Spinoza. It is remarkable that the title “Joyful science” was used for the first time by the Provansal troubadours [9]. According to the literary glossary, JOYFUL SCIENCE is a poetic art, cultivated in the Provansal literature of the 13-14-th centuries at the troubadours school in Tuluza, who sang the praises of divine “fine amours” (fine love

– fin amors) and addressed the image of Mother of God. In 1323 the consistory “Joyful science” was created in Tuluza. Its chancellor Giliom Molinje wrote the rules – “laws of love” according to which the poets contests took place, they were called florial games. The word combination Joyful Science has come from provance gai saber or gaya sienza [10]. Note that the word “consistory” (latin consistorium is a place for meeting; council) means: 1) a meeting of the cardinals, called and headed by the Pope of Rome; 2) the organ of church-and-administration management (government) of bishops in the Russian Empire, Germany and Austria [11]. Nietzsche used the name “Joyful Science” as the title of the work analyzed “to demonstrate his admiration of the provansal troubadour, who combined in himself a singer, a knight and free spirit” [12].

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It is necessary to single out the main motives having induced Nietzsche to entitle his work exactly in this way. As is known, according to courtesan counting-out system love is thought not to be an individual personal and subjective psychological experience but a discipline («science»). Courtesan love as a «gallant» science assumes mastering the so-called «rules of love» [13].

«Gaya scieza» («Joyful science» of the troubadours was to meet the gaiety requirement: «there is no joy without a song» (girout Rikier). «gaiety supposes the singer’s ability to support) the major key emotion of the lyric poetry even in the unfavorable combination of circumstances» [13].

Finally, it is important to remember that «gaiety and joy» (joy) are the fundamental knight virtues within the boundaries of which to serve Amour – it means: «To live so as the beauty wishes,//Honor, youth, common sense, politeness, //And joy and smooth-spoken speech» («Flamenka»)» [13].

The strategy of «overestimating all the values» is realized in the frames of Joyful science. In M.A. Mazheiko’s opinion, the most important aspect of this work was the programme set in

“Joyful science” for the methodology of the linguistic games and some kind of sematic voluntarism that greatly influenced the philosophy of the 20-th century [14] ».

On the basics of the above-said it follows that Nietzsche borrowed the title of his book from the troubadours and meant that Joyful science is first of all, philosophy that he regarded as a discipline built by the definite rules (laws). One of the most important components of the philosophy was the category of Joyful that allowed the people to retain their steadfast spirit freedom even in the most unfavorable and seemingly, hopeless circumstances. Joyful science was meant by the German thinker as an original philosophy of life, the determinants of which were refined philosophical lyric poetry (a philosopher as a singer), knight virtues (a philosopher as a knight), greatness of SPIRIT (a philosopher as a preacher, an apologist of spirit).

According to the Wikipedia data, the book is preceded by the introduction of 63 epigrams. The main part consists of 383 fragments combined into the five books of different length. The “Joyful Science” is concluded with 14 poems (“Songs of Prince Fogelfry “). The fifth book and the poems appeared in the second edition (1887) [9].

It is known that Nietzsche, being a philologist by his education, paid a great attention to the style of introducing and setting forth his philosophy, having gained the reputation of an outstanding stylist [15]. “The most signification form of his philosophy is aphorisms expressing the state and the thought of the author, being in everlasting formation [15]. In the opinion of many researchers, the works of Nietzsche, given in the aphoristic manner, are not interpreted identically and cause many disagreements.

The leitmotifs of all Nietzsche’s works is the idea of recomprehension and reappraisal of all set values and traditional notions of world and man, they are reflected, in particular, in mortal, religion, culture, etc. Taking this into account, we think it is important to stress that according to our observations the objects for recomprehension and reappraisal are mainly such cognitive-and- gnoseological notions as: “philosopher”, “philosophy” , “cognition”, “intellect”, “thought’’ “life”, the notion “Joyful Science” itself, etc., that were put into the basis of researches in given article. Categorization of the singled out phenomena is realized in the works of Nietzsche on large and wide variety of individual-author metaphors.

According to our observations, the notion “JOYFUL” systematizes all the Main postulates in the book «Joyful science» and is a distinctive indicator of their importance and significance for a man. Being linking section in the interaction with all the above named essences, the category «Joyful» is represented by a large number of forms of its manifestation, and, accordingly, by the heterogeneous spectrum of its linguistic embodiments.

Joyful, as «a measure of things», is integrated into the general logic of Nietzsche`s discussion on the global problems of the world, nature, man, virtues and vices, truth, history, civilization, culture, art, science, the essence of the human nature and so on.

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